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Nationality by birth in Chilean territory (jus soli)
The single operative criterion is birth in Chilean territory. Jus soli is near-unconditional: the Constitution imposes NO condition on the parents' legal residence status, length of stay, or nationality — Chilean jus soli «imposes no condition on the parents' legal residence status, duration of stay, or nationality» beyond the two enumerated carve-outs (CL-ASSERT-008). Those two carve-outs, both inside Art 10 Nº1 itself, are: «los hijos de extranjeros que se encuentren en Chile en servicio de su Gobierno» (children of foreigners in the service of their Government, i.e. accredited diplomats/officials) and «los hijos de extranjeros transeúntes» (children of transient foreigners). Beyond these two, birth on Chilean soil confers nationality regardless of parental migratory status — on the face of the text the children of settled irregular migrants fall within jus soli, not within an exception. No age, registration, residence, or declaration is required to HOLD nationality by birth; acquisition is instantaneous at birth. Critically, the Constitution supplies no definition of «extranjeros transeúntes» (CL-ASSERT-007), so the exact outer edge of eligibility is not resolved by the constitutional primary text (see nlr_flags). Where a carve-out applies, the child is not excluded but deferred to the option right (route CL-BTH-02): «todos los que, sin embargo, podrán optar por la nacionalidad chilena».
Jus soli exception + right of option (children of transient foreigners / foreign-govt agents)
Who falls WITHIN the exception (and therefore must opt rather than acquiring jus soli automatically): a child born in Chilean territory to a foreigner 'que se encuentren en Chile en servicio de su Gobierno' (foreign-government/diplomatic service) (CL-PRIMARY-01 Art 10 Nº1; CL-ASSERT-002); or a child born in Chilean territory to an 'extranjero transeúnte' (CL-PRIMARY-01 Art 10 Nº1; CL-ASSERT-003). The Constitution does not define 'transeúnte' (CL-ASSERT-007); Ley 21.325 Art 9 Nº9 now defines it as 'Aquella persona extranjera que esté de paso en el territorio nacional, de manera transitoria, conforme al artículo 47, y sin intenciones de establecerse en él' (CL-PRIMARY-03 Art 9 Nº9), and Art 173 ties it to the 'subcategorías migratorias de permanencia transitoria' (CL-PRIMARY-03 Art 173). Consequently, children of foreigners holding residencia temporal or residencia definitiva are NOT within the exception and acquire Chilean nationality directly under Art 10 Nº1 (route CL-BTH-01), not this route. Who is eligible to OPT: 'todos los que, sin embargo, podrán optar por la nacionalidad chilena' — i.e., both exception categories (CL-PRIMARY-01 Art 10 Nº1; CL-ASSERT-004). Statelessness override to eligibility: any person born in Chile within an Art 10 Nº1 exception who 'de otro modo fuese apátrida' is Chilean 'por nacimiento' by operation of Ley 21.325 Art 173 inc 2 — no option needed (CL-PRIMARY-03 Art 173). Statutory age/time condition for the option: the declaration must be made 'en
Nationality by descent (jus sanguinis) with first/second-degree ancestor anchor
Two cumulative substantive conditions plus the anchor. (1) Filiation: be a child of a Chilean father or mother — 'los hijos de padre o madre chilenos'; a single Chilean parent suffices, and either parent transmits (gender-neutral). (2) Place of birth: 'nacidos en territorio extranjero' (born in foreign territory) — descent is the relevant route only for births outside Chile; a birth in Chile attaches jus soli directly (Art 10 Nº1). (3) The ascendant anchor: 'se requerirá que alguno de sus ascendientes en línea recta de primer o segundo grado, haya adquirido la nacionalidad chilena en virtud de lo establecido en los números 1º, 3º ó 4º'. Direct-line first degree = a parent; second degree = a grandparent. The anchoring ascendant must have become Chilean by jus soli (Nº1), carta (Nº3) or grace (Nº4). Critically, the cross-reference DELIBERATELY OMITS Nº2 (descent) itself (CL-ASSERT-012): a purely-by-descent ascendant CANNOT serve as the anchor. The practical effect is a two-generation cap — foreign-born transmission is permitted for at most two generations measured from a jus-soli/carta/grace-rooted Chilean. There is NO residence or avecindamiento requirement to HOLD nationality by descent (CL-ASSERT-017): the current Art 10 Nº2 contains no in-country-residence condition for acquisition, in contrast with the pre-2005/1925 avecindamiento model. As of 2026-07-04.
Nationality by special grace (nacionalización por gracia) — by law
The Constitution imposes NO substantive eligibility conditions for grace — no minimum age, no residence period, no permanent-residence permit, no language or civics test, and no renunciation of prior nationality. Art 10 Nº4 states only: 'Los que obtuvieren especial gracia de nacionalizacion por ley.' Consequently, 'eligibility' for grace is whatever the specific enabling law (ley) defines; it is a discretionary act of the Congreso Nacional, characterised in the KB as reserved for persons of distinguished service or exceptional contribution to Chile. This contrasts starkly with the other acquisition grounds: (a) the ordinary carta (DFL 5.142 Art 2 — age 18+, more than five years' residence, and permanencia/residencia definitiva); (b) qualified naturalization (Ley 21.325 Art 85 — two years' continuous residence plus an enumerated tie); and (c) descent (Art 10 Nº2 — first/second-degree ascendant anchor). Because grace flows from a sovereign legislative decision, no individual holds a justiciable right to be nationalised by grace: there is no application form, statutory deadline, or administrative entitlement analogous to the carta petition of DFL 5.142 Art 4.
The 1833 Constitution, Capítulo IV 'De los chilenos,' Art. 6 (CL-PRIMARY-17) enumerates four acquisition grounds.
(1) UNCONDITIONAL jus soli: 'Son chilenos: 1º Los nacidos en el territorio de Chile.' The 1833 text states pure, unqualified jus soli — it contains NEITHER the 'hijos de estranjeros en servicio de su Gobierno / estranjeros transeuntes' exceptions NOR the option-right that later appear in the 1925 Constitution (Art. 5 Nº1) and the current Art. 10 Nº1. Those transeúnte/diplomat exceptions and the option were LATER additions, not part of the 1833 formula (contrast CL-PRIMARY-14 Art. 5 Nº1; CL-ASSERT-021).
(2) Descent via avecindamiento: '2º Los hijos de padre o madre chilenos, nacidos en territorio estranjero, por el sólo hecho de avecindarse en Chile,' with a second sentence deeming children of Chileans abroad 'hallándose el padre en actual servicio de la República' Chilean 'aun para los efectos en que las leies fundamentales... requieran nacimiento en el territorio chileno.' Descent therefore REQUIRED taking up residence in Chile — the avecindamiento model later carried into the 1925 Art. 5 Nº2 and abolished for acquisition only by Ley 20.050 (2005) (CL-ASSERT-022).
(3) Naturalization by one-year residence + carta de ciudadanía: '3º Los estranjeros que, habiendo residido un año en la República, declaren ante la Municipalidad del territorio en que residen su deseo de avecindarse en Chile i soliciten carta de ciudadanía.' The 1833 threshold was ONE year's residenc
Under Const. 1925 Art 5, four acquisition grounds existed. (1) Jus soli, Nº1: "Los nacidos en el territorio de Chile, con escepcion de los hijos de estranjeros que se encuentren en Chile en servicio de su Gobierno, y de los hijos de extranjeros transeuntes, todos los que podrán optar entre la nacionalidad de sus padres y la chilena" — the option was framed as a choice BETWEEN parental and Chilean nationality, unlike the current opt-FOR-Chilean wording (CL-ASSERT-021). (2) Descent, Nº2: children of a Chilean father or mother born abroad became Chilean "por el solo hecho de avecindarse en Chile" (by the mere fact of taking up residence in Chile), plus a special rule that children of Chileans abroad "en actual servicio de la República" counted as if born in Chile. (3) Naturalization/carta, Nº3: foreigners obtaining a carta had to renounce "espresamente su nacionalidad anterior", EXCEPT Spanish nationals with more than 10 years' Chile residence, on a reciprocity condition. (4) Grace, Nº4: "especial gracia de nacionalizacion por lei." DFL 5.142 (1960 consolidation) Art 2 originally required age 21 and "más de cinco años de residencia continuada" plus a permanencia definitiva permit — per Ley 20.888's own later amending clause: "Sustituyese, en su inciso primero, el guarismo '21' por '18', y suprimese en el mismo la palabra 'continuada'" (that change took effect only in 2016, outside this era). INTRA-ERA STATUTORY THRESHOLDS (now decoded via CL-PRIMARY-18): the FIRST sub-period sta
1980 Constitution pre-2005 regime (auto-loss on foreign naturalization; avecindamiento descent)
As a HISTORICAL regime, CL-HIS-03 does not describe a live application pathway; it fixes the rules that governed any Chilean-nationality question crystallising between 24.10.1980 and 25.08.2005 (window W3 / era CL-ERA-06). Two consequences distinguished the pre-reform regime from today's. First, a Chilean who VOLUNTARILY acquired a foreign nationality automatically LOST Chilean nationality under the pre-2005 Art 11 No1; dual nationality was, as a rule, not tolerated. This was the direct descendant of the 1925 ground 'Por nacionalizacion en pais extranjero' (CL-PRIMARY-14 Art 6 No1; CL-ASSERT-026), which itself descends from the 1833 loss-of-citizenship ground 'Por naturalización en país extranjero' (CL-PRIMARY-17 Art 11 No3), the deepest decoded root of Chile's historic single-nationality baseline. Second, a child of a Chilean father or mother born abroad did NOT hold Chilean nationality by the mere fact of descent; the pre-reform text tied acquisition to avecindamiento (taking up residence in Chile), echoing the 1925 formula 'por el solo hecho de avecindarse en Chile' (CL-PRIMARY-14 Art 5 No2; CL-ASSERT-022). Ley 20.050 abolished both: it removed avecindamiento-for-acquisition (replacing it with the first/second-degree ascendant anchor) and abolished auto-loss (replacing it with voluntary renunciation effective only after prior foreign naturalization). A person assessing eligibility today must therefore identify whether the relevant birth, naturalization-abroad, or loss even
DL 1094 sorted foreigners into four entry qualities: "Los extranjeros podrán ingresar a Chile en calidad de turistas, residentes, residentes oficiales e inmigrantes" (CL-PRIMARY-06 Art 4; inmigrantes were separately governed by DFL 69/1953). Within "residente" the statute enumerated sub-categories: residente oficial (accredited diplomatic/consular/international-organization personnel, Art 19), residente sujeto a contrato (foreign workers under an employment contract, Art 23), residente estudiante (Art 27), residente temporario (family ties, interests, or residence deemed useful/advantageous to the country, Art 29), and residente con asilo político or refugiado (Art 34, Art 34 bis). Each category carried its own path to permanencia definitiva — "el permiso concedido a los extranjeros para radicarse indefinidamente en el país y desarrollar cualquier clase de actividades" (CL-PRIMARY-06 Art 41): contract residents could request it after two years (Art 23 inc final); student residents at the end of their studies (Art 28); temporary residents could request it after one year and were OBLIGED to request it after two years (Art 31: "si completare dos años de residencia en Chile, estará obligado a solicitarla"); asylees/refugees after two years (Art 37). Minors under 18 residing in Chile depended on a parent/guardian to obtain their visas and prórrogas (Art 14).
Loss by voluntary renunciation (anti-statelessness proviso)
On the face of Art 11 Nº1, eligibility to renounce is open to ANY Chilean national irrespective of how nationality was acquired (jus soli Art 10 Nº1, descent Nº2, carta Nº3, or grace Nº4); the constitutional text imposes no acquisition-route filter and no age, residence, or means condition — it requires only a renuncia voluntaria manifestada ante autoridad chilena competente (CL-PRIMARY-01, Art 11 Nº1). The decisive EFFECTIVENESS filter is the anti-statelessness proviso: the renunciation sólo producirá efectos si la persona, previamente, se ha nacionalizado en país extranjero (CL-ASSERT-071). In practice this means only a Chilean who ALREADY holds another nationality acquired by foreign naturalization can renounce with legal effect; a mono-national Chilean cannot renounce into statelessness (as of 2026-07-04). The verb nacionalizado (naturalized) is textually narrower than merely 'holding' a foreign nationality — whether a Chilean who holds a second nationality by birth or descent (rather than by naturalization) satisfies the proviso is NOT resolved on the face of the primary text and must not be asserted cleanly. Voluntariness distinguishes this route from the three involuntary grounds — decreto supremo for enemy war-service (Nº2), cancelación of the carta (Nº3), and revocación por ley of grace nationality (Nº4) — all listed together in Art 11 (CL-ASSERT-070).
Deprivation by supreme decree — service to enemies in a foreign war
For a loss route, 'eligibility' means the substantive triggers for deprivation. The verbatim ground (CL-PRIMARY-01 Art. 11 Nº2: «en caso de prestación de servicios durante una guerra exterior a enemigos de Chile o de sus aliados») has three cumulative textual elements that must concur: (1) «prestación de servicios» — the person renders services (conduct); (2) «durante una guerra exterior» — the services occur during a FOREIGN / external war (a temporal-contextual element that, by the word «exterior», excludes purely internal or civil conflict); and (3) «a enemigos de Chile o de sus aliados» — the recipient of those services is an enemy of Chile or of Chile's allies.
Cancellation is a loss route of RESTRICTED personal scope: it reaches ONLY foreigners who became Chilean by carta de nacionalización under Const. Art 10 Nº3 ('Los extranjeros que obtuvieren carta de nacionalización en conformidad a la ley'). Chileans by birth/jus soli (Art 10 Nº1), by descent (Nº2), and by special grace (Nº4) are NOT subject to Art 11 Nº3 cancellation — grace nationals instead face a distinct loss ground, revocation by law (Art 11 Nº4, route CL-LOS-04). Because it targets the naturalized-by-carta class alone, cancellation is a structurally asymmetric, INVOLUNTARY deprivation. It is triggered on one of the three grounds in DFL 5.142 Art 8: (1) the carta having been granted 'con infracción a lo dispuesto en el artículo 3.o de esta ley' (breach of Art 3; DFL 5.142 Art 3 now reads 'Eliminado' — struck by Ley 21.325 effective 2022-02-12 — but its historical impediments content is recoverable from the antecedent DL 747/1925 Art 3, CL-PRIMARY-18, and its current functional equivalent is the Ley 21.325 Art 86 impedimentos; see nlr_flags); (2) 'ocurrencias que hagan indigno al poseedor de la carta de nacionalización de tal gracia' (supervening events rendering the holder unworthy of the carta); or (3) conviction 'por alguno de los delitos contemplados en la ley número 12,927, de 6 de Agosto de 1958' (the Ley de Seguridad del Estado / State Security Law). Unlike the Art 86 naturalization impediments (10-yr crímenes / 5-yr simple delito look-back windows under Ley 21.32
Who is exposed to this ground (and what triggers it). By its own terms Art. 11 Nº4 revokes 'la nacionalización concedida por gracia', so ONLY persons who hold Chilean nationality by special grace under Art. 10 Nº4 ('Los que obtuvieren especial gracia de nacionalización por ley') are within its reach. Nationals by birth/jus soli (Art. 10 Nº1), by descent (Nº2) and by carta de nacionalización (Nº3) are categorically outside it — each of the other loss grounds is bucket-specific (Nº3 cancellation reaches carta holders; Nº2 reaches any Chilean who serves enemies in a foreign war; Nº1 is self-triggered renunciation). The 'trigger' here is neither an administrative finding nor a criminal conviction: it is the enactment of a revoking ley. Critically, the Constitution enumerates NO substantive grounds or conditions for when a grace revocation is warranted — unlike carta cancellation, which DFL 5.142 Art. 8 confines to a carta 'concedida con infracción a lo dispuesto en el artículo 3.o', supervening 'ocurrencias que hagan indigno al poseedor', or conviction under Ley 12.927. For grace revocation the constitutional text supplies only the instrument ('por ley'); the substantive criteria are left to the legislature, bounded solely by higher norms (ACHR guarantees, general constitutional principles). Because a grace grant is itself an individualised statute naming its beneficiary, the class exposed to CL-LOS-04 is correspondingly narrow and named rather than open-ended.
Ordinary naturalization (carta) — 5 years + residencia definitiva
DFL 5.142 Art 2 inciso 1 sets three cumulative conditions for the ordinary carta: (1) AGE — “que hayan cumplido 18 años de edad”; (2) RESIDENCE — “que tengan más de cinco años de residencia en el territorio de la República” (textually MORE than five years); (3) PERMANENT-RESIDENCE PERMIT — “que sean titulares del permiso de permanencia definitiva” (CL-PRIMARY-05 Art 2 inc 1; CL-ASSERT-033). The age threshold was 21 until Ley 20.888 (2016) substituted “21” with “18” and simultaneously deleted the word “continuada” from the residence clause — “Sustitúyese, en su inciso primero, el guarismo "21" por "18", y suprímese en el mismo la palabra "continuada"” (CL-PRIMARY-15 Art único Nº1 a); CL-ASSERT-034), promulgated 2016-01-04; D.O./effective 2016-01-08. Grant is discretionary, not automatic: the statute reads “Podrá otorgarse” (CL-ASSERT-033). A statutory renunciation condition also sits in Art 2 inciso 2 whose operative status post-2005 is unresolved
Qualified naturalization — 2 years (spouse / relatives to 2nd degree / child of former Chilean)
Three cumulative gates plus a negative gate. (1) STATUS: the applicant must already be a «residente definitivo» — holder of residencia definitiva (permanent residence). Art. 85 opens only to «aquellos residentes definitivos». (2) RESIDENCE: they must prove «dos años de residencia continuada en el territorio nacional» (see residence_requirements for the continuity point). (3) VÍNCULO — exactly one of the three enumerated ties (Ley 21.325 Art. 85): Nº1 «Los que tengan la calidad de cónyuge de chileno, a lo menos durante dos años y cuyo matrimonio se encuentre inscrito en Chile, siempre que en el mismo periodo se cumpla lo dispuesto en el artículo 133 del Código Civil» (spouse of a Chilean for at least two years, marriage registered in Chile, and — per the Art. 133 Civil Code cohabitation duty, glossed as the duty to live together, the Art. 133 CC text being outside the decoded primary corpus — met over the same period); Nº2 «Los parientes de chilenos por consanguineidad hasta el segundo grado inclusive y los adoptados por chilenos» (blood relatives of Chileans to the second degree inclusive, and persons adopted by Chileans); Nº3 «El hijo cuyo padre o madre, habiendo sido chileno, haya perdido la nacionalidad chilena con anterioridad al nacimiento de aquél» (a child whose Chilean parent lost Chilean nationality before that child was born). NEGATIVE GATE — impediments (Art. 86): the carta «no se otorgará» to those convicted in the last ten years of acts qualifying in Chile as «cr
Minor naturalization (14+ with permanent residence)
Four cumulative conditions, all drawn verbatim from DFL 5.142 Art 2 penultimate inciso (as recast by Ley 20.888 Art unico Nº1 b)): (1) the applicant is a 'hijo de extranjero' (child of a foreigner) who 'hayan cumplido 14 anos de edad' (has completed/turned 14); the inciso sets a floor of 14 and functions as the sub-18 counterpart to the ordinary 18+ carta of Art 2 inc 1 ('los extranjeros que hayan cumplido 18 anos de edad'). (2) 'tengan mas de cinco anos de residencia en el territorio de la Republica' (more than five years of residence in Chilean territory); structurally the same five-year period as the ordinary carta, and note that Ley 20.888 deleted 'continuada' only from inciso 1, so the penultimate inciso reads 'mas de cinco anos de residencia' without 'continuada'. (3) 'cuenten para ello con la autorizacion de quienes esten a cargo de su cuidado personal' (the authorization of those in charge of the minor's cuidado personal / personal care), a substantive consent condition unique to the minor route. (4) 'hayan obtenido permiso de permanencia definitiva' (the minor must already hold a permanent-residence permit, permanencia definitiva, assimilated to residencia definitiva by Ley 21.325 Art 176 inc 2). Practically, a 14-year-old with more than five years' residence must have arrived in Chile by roughly age nine, so the route targets long-resident migrant children. No explicit upper age is stated in the inciso, but from age 18 the ordinary carta (Art 2 inc 1) governs, so th
Refugee-child naturalization (derivative, no further requirement)
Eligibility requires two cumulative conditions stated in DFL 5.142 Art 2 (inciso final, added by Ley 20.888 Art único Nº1 c)): (1) the applicant must be a 'menor de 18 años' (minor under 18); and (2) 'su padre o madre' must hold 'la calidad de refugiados reconocidos por Chile' (recognized-refugee status in Chile) AND that parent must have 'obtenido la carta de nacionalización' — i.e. already been granted Chilean nationality by carta (typically via the ordinary CL-NAT-01 or qualified CL-NAT-02 route). The clause closes with an unusually broad waiver: 'sin necesidad de cumplir cualquier otro requisito legal' (without need to comply with any other legal requirement) — textually excluding, on its face, the residence-duration, permanencia-definitiva, and application-form requirements that DFL 5.142 Art 2 inc.1 and Art 4 impose on ordinary carta applicants. No independent age minimum, residence period, or permit status is imposed on the child. The statute does not itself define 'refugiados reconocidos por Chile'; the qualifying refugee determination is made under Chile's separate refugee-recognition framework, which lies outside this route's decoded primary corpus.
Reclamation remedy — Art 12 appeal to the Corte Suprema (30 days)
Standing is defined by the opening clause of Art 12: 'La persona afectada por acto o resolución de autoridad administrativa que la prive de su nacionalidad chilena o se la desconozca' (CL-PRIMARY-01; CL-ASSERT-079). Two triggering harms qualify: (a) DEPRIVATION — an act that strips ('que la prive de') Chilean nationality; and (b) DISAVOWAL — an act that fails to recognize ('o se la desconozca') it. The affected person need not appear alone: standing is deliberately broad, exercisable 'por sí o por cualquiera a su nombre' (in person or by anyone on their behalf). The remedy is open to anyone asserting Chilean nationality regardless of how it was acquired — a jus-soli claimant whose birth in Chile the administration refuses to recognize by treating the parents as 'extranjeros transeúntes' (Art 10 Nº1 exception; CL-ASSERT-003), a nationality-by-descent claimant, or a naturalized person facing carta cancellation. The textual precondition is that the harm flow from an ADMINISTRATIVE authority's 'acto o resolución': per CL-ASSERT-082 this scopes the remedy to executive deprivation/disavowal, not to loss by the person's own voluntary renunciation (Art 11 Nº1) nor to a revoking statute (Art 11 Nº4). As of 2026-07-05 no fee or mandatory legal representation is stated in the constitutional text, and the wide 'por cualquiera a su nombre' standing dispenses with any personal-appearance requirement.
Baseline eligibility (Ley 21.325 Art 79): a foreigner holding an eligible residencia temporal subcategory — one that 'expresamente admita postular a ella' (Art 78 inc. 2) — may apply for RD after at least twenty-four months in that status: 'Se podrá otorgar la residencia definitiva a los extranjeros titulares de un permiso de residencia temporal que admita su postulación y que hayan residido en el país en tal calidad por a lo menos veinticuatro meses.' This baseline may be shortened to not less than twelve months (Reglamento DS 296 Art 66) on enumerated favorable grounds — family ties with Chilean nationals or residentes definitivos, official missions in Chile, availability of income/pensions, executed investments or companies with effective operation, social/cultural/artistic/scientific/sporting contribution, or ratified international agreements (Ley Art 79 inc. 3, Nº1-6) — or extended up to forty-eight months on adverse grounds: insufficient means of subsistence, labor instability, absences, migratory infractions, or other legal infractions (Art 79 inc. 2, Nº1-4). Derivative eligibility extends to direct-line ascendants of an RD-holder or of their spouse/cohabitant where 'estén bajo su cuidado o manutención' (Art 80), and to dependents of a residencia-temporal titular, who may apply 'sin sujeción a los plazos establecidos en el artículo 79' once the titular has met their own required period (Art 81).
Rehabilitation / resumption of lost nationality (by law)
The eligible class is defined purely negatively-then-positively: any person who has lost Chilean nationality under ANY of the four Art 11 grounds — "cualquiera de las causales establecidas en este artículo" — may be the subject of a rehabilitation law. The constitutional text draws NO distinction between voluntary loss (renunciation, Nº1) and involuntary/executive deprivation (war-service decree Nº2, carta cancellation Nº3) or legislative revocation (grace revocation Nº4): all four are treated identically for rehabilitation purposes. No minimum time elapsed since loss, no proof of good conduct, no reciprocity condition, no residency-in-Chile requirement, and no age threshold appears in the pinned constitutional text — the entire eligibility gate as decoded is the antecedent fact of having lost nationality under Art 11. Because restoration is achieved "por ley," the National Congress retains plenary discretion to impose whatever substantive conditions it chooses in the specific enabling bill; the Constitution supplies no template constraining that discretion, paralleling the equally open-ended "especial gracia de nacionalización por ley" grant under Art 10 Nº4 (CL-GRC-01) for foreigners who never held Chilean nationality. No decoded primary source (DFL 5.142, Ley 21.325, Reglamento DS 296) adds eligibility criteria for Art 11 rehabilitation specifically.
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