Reaquisição pós-EC 131/2023

Eligibility synthesis: After EC 131/2023 (Constitutional Amendment 131 of 2023), renunciation of nationality does not prevent reacquisition of original Brazilian nationality (CF Art 12 §5, Federal Constitution).

Operational context: This route forms part of the constitutional framework of CF/88 Art 12 (1988 Federal Constitution) and its infra-constitutional implementation: Lei 13.445/2017 (the Migration Law), Decreto 9.199/2017 (its implementing decree) and Portaria MJ 623/2020 (Ministry of Justice Ordinance 623/2020). EC 131/2023 introduced a dual relaxation on loss and reacquisition: (1) a Brazilian who acquires another nationality does NOT lose original Brazilian nationality; and (2) former Brazilians may recover their original nationality. The amendment reformed CF Art 12 §4 II and §5. Before EC 131/2023, the Hoerig doctrine (STF MS 33.864 — First Panel, Reporting Justice Roberto Barroso, judged 19/04/2016, decision published 20/09/2016) imposed automatic loss of nationality, save for two exceptions (holding another original nationality, or imposition by foreign law). Operative: yes, in force as of 2026-05-17.

Constitutional and legislative architecture: The Federal Constitution of 1988-10-05, Art 12, establishes a tripartite taxonomy: native-born Brazilians (Art 12 I a/b/c), naturalized Brazilians (Art 12 II a/b), and indigenous persons under a sui generis status (ADCT Art 68 for quilombola communities — a four-layer framework: CF Arts 215/216 + Decreto 4.887/2003 + ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, ratified via Decreto 5.051/2004, + INCRA Portarias 57/2009, 128/2022 and 130/2023). The contemporary legal architecture: Lei 13.445/2017 (Migration Law, in force 2017-11-21) repealed Lei 6.815/1980 (the dictatorship-era Foreigners' Statute, Estatuto do Estrangeiro); Decreto 9.199/2017 is its regulation; Lei 818/1949 (the earlier nationality law) is partially repealed. The reform of EC 131/2023, dated 2023-09-22 (the dual-relaxation constitutional amendment), broadened dual nationality under Art 12 §4 II. Portaria MJ 623/2020 (not the earlier Portaria 11/2018) regulates ordinary naturalization. The STF's final Marco Temporal ("temporal milestone") ruling of 19/12/2025 (ADC 87 together with ADIs 7582/7583/7586, Reporting Justice Gilmar Mendes) held the temporal-milestone doctrine inapplicable to indigenous lands, and STF Tema 1.253 of 12/03/2026 (RE 1163774, Reporting Justice Carmen Lúcia) consolidated the post-milestone doctrine. The Lusophone arrangement rests on three layers: (1) the Brazil–Portugal Friendship Treaty of 2000; (2) the Equality Statute (Decreto 3.927/2001); and (3) the Brazil–Spain Nationality Convention of 1957 (Decreto 41.535/1957). Apex jurisdiction: the STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal — concentrated constitutional review, CF Art 102); the STJ (Superior Tribunal de Justiça — uniform interpretation of federal law, CF Art 105); and the five regional federal courts (TRFs — administrative appeals). PEC 48/2025 (a proposed constitutional amendment, Congress versus the STF) is still pending in the legislature.

This route covers reacquisition of Brazilian nationality after EC 131/2023 (Constitutional Amendment 131 of 2023, December 2023), combined with Lei 13.445/2017 (Migration Law) Art 76 — a simplified regime built on a dual relaxation of the former loss rules.

• Who qualifies: Brazilian citizens who lost their nationality through voluntary acquisition of a foreign nationality (before EC 131/2023, under the original wording of CF Art 12 §4 II) may recover Brazilian nationality by declaration to the Ministry of Justice (MJ/CGNM), filed either through a Brazilian consulate abroad or directly in Brazil.
• Effects: Reacquisition operates with retroactive effect to the moment of loss for purposes of political rights and descent — children acquire Brazilian nationality through the recovered bloodline.
• What is NOT required: No prior residence in Brazil is required, and the applicant does not have to renounce the foreign nationality (the dual relaxation introduced by the reform).
• Procedure in outline: application + proof of the earlier loss (the loss ordinance or decree plus its publication in the DOU, the Official Gazette / Diário Oficial da União) + identity documents + a declaration of intent; analysis by the MJ/CGNM takes approximately 6–12 months.

Reacquisition is also available where the loss was imposed judicially (cancellation under CF Art 12 §4 I), but with additional requirements — review of the underlying judgment or rehabilitation.

BR-RST-01 — reaquisição da nacionalidade brasileira pós-EC 131/2023 (Dezembro 2023) + Lei 13.445/2017 Art 76: regime dual-relaxation simplificado. (Layer 1) Cidadãos brasileiros que perderam nacionalidade por aquisição voluntária de nacionalidade estrangeira (antes de EC 131/2023, sob Art 12 §4 II original) podem reaver nacionalidade brasileira mediante declaração ao MJ/CGNM via consulado ou diretamente no Brasil. (Layer 2) A reaquisição opera com efeitos retroativos ao momento da perda para fins de direitos políticos + descendência (filhos brasileiros pela linha consanguínea recuperada). (Layer 3) Não exige residência prévia no Brasil, nem renúncia da nacionalidade estrangeira (relaxamento dual cohort-FIRST). (Layer 4) Procedimento: requerimento + comprovação da perda anterior (Portaria ou decreto de perda + DOU publication) + identidade documental + declaração de vontade — análise CGNM em ~6-12 meses. Reaquisição também disponível para casos em que a perda foi imposta judicialmente (Art 12 §4 I cancelamento), porém com requisitos adicionais (revisão da sentença ou rehabilitação).

Pre-EC-131/2023 perda doctrine: aquisição voluntária de outra nacionalidade implicava perda automática salvo (i) reconhecimento outra originária ou (ii) imposição lei estrangeira como condição residência/exercício direitos civis (STF MS 33.864/DF, Hoerig); STF HC 83.113-QO (Rel Min Celso de Mello j 26/06/2003): hipoteses outorga nacionalidade brasileira (originaria + derivada) decorrem EXCLUSIVAMENTE do texto constitucional; questao nacionalidade sujeita unicamente ao poder soberano do Estado brasileiro; STF Sumula 421/1964: nao impede a extradicao a circunstancia de ser o extraditando casado com brasileira ou ter filho brasileiro; nacionalidade NAO transferida via casamento jure matrimonii

[Apex Anchors — BR Constitucional 1988 + Lei de Migração 2017 Architecture v2026]: Constituição Federal 1988-10-05 Art 12 estabelece taxonomia tripartite brasileiros natos (Art 12 I a/b/c) + brasileiros naturalizados (Art 12 II a/b) + indígenas com Estatuto sui generis (ADCT Art 68 quilombolas — 4-layer framework: CF Art 215/216 + Decreto 4.887/2003 + ILO 169 Convenção sobre Povos Indígenas e Tribais ratificada via Decreto 5.051/2004 + Portarias INCRA 57/2009 + 128/2022 + 130/2023). Arquitetura legal contemporânea: Lei 13.445/2017 (Lei de Migração, EIF 2017-11-21) revogou Lei 6.815/1980 (Estatuto do Estrangeiro Era Ditatorial); Decreto 9.199/2017 (Regulamento). Lei 818/1949 (Naturalização originária) parcialmente revogada. Reforma EC 131/2023-09-22 (Emenda Constitucional dual-relaxation) ampliou dupla nacionalidade Art 12 §4 II. Portaria MJ 623/2020 (NOT 11/2018 — caught BR cascade) regulamenta naturalização ordinária. Marco Temporal STF Final 19/12/2025 (ADC 87 + ADIs 7582/7583/7586 Rel Min Gilmar Mendes — NOT Edson Fachin ) definiu inaplicabilidade marco temporal a terras indígenas. Tema 1.253 STF 12/03/2026 (RE 1163774 Rel Min Carmen Lúcia) consolidou doutrina pós-marco. Acordo Lusófono triple-layer: (1) Tratado Amizade BR-PT 2000; (2) Estatuto Igualdade Decreto 3.927/2001; (3) Convenção sobre Nacionalidade BR-ES 1957 (Decreto 41.535/1957). Apex jurisdicional: STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) — controle concentrado constitucionalidade Art 102; STJ (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) — uniformização lei federal Art 105; TRFs (5 regionais) — apelações administrativas. PEC 48/2025 (Congresso vs STF) ainda em tramitação.

Executive (operational) authorities:

• Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública, MJ) — Migration Policy Coordination (Coordenação de Política Migratória), operating under the framework of Portaria MJ 623/2020 (Ministry of Justice Ordinance 623/2020).
• Federal Police (Polícia Federal) — Department of Maritime, Airport and Border Police (Departamento de Polícia Marítima, Aeroportuária e de Fronteiras, DPMAF), responsible for analysis of residence and criminal background.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministério das Relações Exteriores, MRE — "Itamaraty") — approximately 170 operating consulates handling descent registrations and Equality Statute matters.

Judicial authorities:

• Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal, STF) — constitutional review of CF Art 12.
• Superior Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça, STJ) — uniform interpretation of infra-constitutional federal law.
• Federal Courts (Juízos Federais) — proceedings on the majority-age nationality option in descent cases.

Related specialist authorities: for indigenous-related routes, FUNAI (the national indigenous-affairs agency), INCRA (the agrarian-reform institute) and FCP (the Palmares Cultural Foundation, for quilombola communities); for bilateral routes, the MRE's bilateral departments covering Brazil–Portugal, the CPLP (Community of Portuguese-Language Countries) and Brazil–Spain; for restoration and indigenous matters, the STF's Marco Temporal ("temporal milestone") ruling, Virtual Plenary session of 19/12/2025, Reporting Justice Gilmar Mendes.

Key cited authorities: CF Art 12 §4 and §5; EC 131/2023; STF MS 33.864 (the Hoerig case); and Lei 13.445/2017 (Migration Law) Arts 75–76.

Master Sources Register: see 01_Sources/.json for full source inventory ({200 BR / 174 PT / 104 AR}) with T1/T2/T3 stratification + URLs + dates + verification status.

Master Sources Register highlights for BR:

• 200 sources total / T1 177 (88.5%) / T1+T2 99.5% / 20 fabrications caught at P1 ( through )
• 150 KCQs addressed / 145 resolved fully

[Apex Anchors — BR Constitucional 1988 + Lei de Migração 2017 Architecture v2026]: Constituição Federal 1988-10-05 Art 12 estabelece taxonomia tripartite brasileiros natos (Art 12 I a/b/c) + brasileiros naturalizados (Art 12 II a/b) + indígenas com Estatuto sui generis (ADCT Art 68 quilombolas — 4-layer framework: CF Art 215/216 + Decreto 4.887/2003 + ILO 169 Convenção sobre Povos Indígenas e Tribais ratificada via Decreto 5.051/2004 + Portarias INCRA 57/2009 + 128/2022 + 130/2023). Arquitetura legal contemporânea: Lei 13.445/2017 (Lei de Migração, EIF 2017-11-21) revogou Lei 6.815/1980 (Estatuto do Estrangeiro Era Ditatorial); Decreto 9.199/2017 (Regulamento). Lei 818/1949 (Naturalização originária) parcialmente revogada. Reforma EC 131/2023-09-22 (Emenda Constitucional dual-relaxation) ampliou dupla nacionalidade Art 12 §4 II. Portaria MJ 623/2020 (NOT 11/2018 — caught BR cascade) regulamenta naturalização ordinária. Marco Temporal STF Final 19/12/2025 (ADC 87 + ADIs 7582/7583/7586 Rel Min Gilmar Mendes — NOT Edson Fachin ) definiu inaplicabilidade marco temporal a terras indígenas. Tema 1.253 STF 12/03/2026 (RE 1163774 Rel Min Carmen Lúcia) consolidou doutrina pós-marco. Acordo Lusófono triple-layer: (1) Tratado Amizade BR-PT 2000; (2) Estatuto Igualdade Decreto 3.927/2001; (3) Convenção sobre Nacionalidade BR-ES 1957 (Decreto 41.535/1957). Apex jurisdicional: STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) — controle concentrado constitucionalidade Art 102; STJ (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) — uniformização lei federal Art 105; TRFs (5 regionais) — apelações administrativas. PEC 48/2025 (Congresso vs STF) ainda em tramitação.