Revocación + Nulidad of Carta de Naturalización (Arts 25-26 + 32 Ley)

Arts 25, 26, and 32 of the Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 govern three distinct mechanisms for the post-grant invalidation or revocation of a Carta de Naturalización:

Art 25 fr III — Discretionary denial: Before the Carta is issued, SRE-DGAJ may deny a naturalization application "cuando no sea conveniente a juicio de la Secretaría" — when it is not convenient at the discretion of the Secretary. This discretionary power operates at the pre-grant stage (not a post-grant revocation), but it is a cessation-adjacent mechanism documented here as part of the broader CES framework. Any denial under Art 25 fr III must be founded and motivated per CPEUM Art 16 (fundación y motivación obligation); the decision is subject to amparo indirecto review.

Art 26 — Nulidad ab initio: The Carta de Naturalización is null from inception (nulidad ab initio) when the applicant failed to meet the substantive requirements at the time of acquisition — for example, when residency documentation was fraudulent, when the applicant was not actually present in Mexico for the required period, or when the applicant did not hold the nationality of the country of origin they claimed. Nulidad ab initio is an acto reglado (legally bound decision, not discretionary): when SRE-DGAJ establishes that the requirements were not met at acquisition, it must declare nulidad.

Art 32 — Revocación: Post-grant revocation applies when a naturalized Mexican has engaged in conduct that triggers Art 37 Apartado B CPEUM grounds (voluntary acquisition of a foreign nationality, or 5-year continuous residence abroad). Revocación is procedurally distinct from the primary cessation framework documented in MX-CES-01 in that Art 32 focuses on post-naturalization conduct occurring after the Carta was validly issued.

Art 25 fr III — Pre-grant discretionary denial (acto discrecional):

• SRE-DGAJ "no conveniente" determination; must be founded and motivated
• Art 16 CPEUM fundación y motivación required — cannot be arbitrary
• Judicial review: amparo indirecto

Art 26 — Nulidad ab initio (acto reglado):

• Fraudulent or non-qualifying residency documentation at time of application
• False claims of country-of-origin nationality
• Failure to meet substantive requirements that were not detected at processing
• Legal effect: retroactive — nationality treated as never having been acquired

Art 32 — Revocación (post-grant conduct):

• Naturalized Mexican voluntarily acquires a foreign nationality (Art 37 B I)
• Naturalized Mexican establishes 5-year continuous residence abroad (Art 37 B II)
• Legal effect: prospective — nationality ends from date of revocación decision

MX eligibility framework (CES): bucket-specific anchored in CPEUM Art 30 (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis) + Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23, última reforma DOF 2012-04-23) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón). Constitutional ceiling CPEUM Art 30/32/37.

For nulidad ab initio (Art 26):

1. SRE-DGAJ detects basis for nulidad through administrative review, third-party report, or applicant self-disclosure
2. Notification to affected naturalized person (due process — Art 16 CPEUM)
3. SRE-DGAJ conducts administrative investigation; affected person may submit evidence and be heard
4. If nulidad grounds confirmed: SRE-DGAJ issues motivated nulidad declaration; Carta treated as null ab initio
5. RENAPO records corrected retroactively
6. Affected person may seek amparo indirecto judicial review

For revocación (Art 32 + CES-01 process):

1. Same notification and hearing procedures as Art 22 Reglamento cessation process (see MX-CES-01)
2. SEGOB opinion (45 días hábiles)
3. SRE-DGAJ issues motivated revocación decision
4. Amparo indirecto judicial review available

Filing authorities: SRE-DGAJ. MX procedure (CES): SRE-DGAJ + RENAPO + Registro Civil estatal operational; CPEUM Art 30/32/37 + Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (última reforma DOF 2012-04-23) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 framework; CURP Biométrica reform DOF 2025-07-16.

• Primary statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Arts 25-26 (nulidad framework) + Art 32 (revocación framework) + Art 31 (SRE-DGAJ exclusive authority)
• Regulation: Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 Art 22 (procedural framework applies to revocación)
• Constitutional anchor: CPEUM Art 16 (fundación y motivación for SRE-DGAJ decisions); Art 37 Apartado B (constitutional grounds for revocación); Art 17 (judicial review right)
• Due process: Amparo indirecto jurisdiction before Juzgados de Distrito for SRE-DGAJ cessation decisions
• Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present
• Authority: SRE-DGAJ (exclusive — Art 31 Reglamento)

Primary statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Arts 25-26 (nulidad ab initio) + Art 32 (revocación post-naturalization conduct) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 Art 22 procedural framework. Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present. Mexican citizenship legal framework: Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) Art 30, 32, 37 primary constitutional framework — Art 30 nationality acquisition (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis); Art 32 dual-citizenship + Mexican-by-naturalization restrictions; Art 37 ciudadanía + nacionalidad loss framework. Constitutional anchor: CPEUM is the longest-continuous-single-text constitution globally (since 1917-02-05); Apartado A fracción I textually preserved across reforms 1934/1969/1974/1997/2021. Implementing statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23; última reforma DOF 2012-04-23). Implementing regulation: Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón sexenio — NOT 2014). Key recent reforms: Art 30 multi-generational jus sanguinis reform DOF 2021-05-17 (Sheinbaum-era); Indigenous Originario framework DOF 2024-09-30 reforming Art 2 + 27 + 73 (CPEUM); Oaxaca Usos y Costumbres 417-418 SNI framework. Treaty anchors: ILO 169 (Mexico 2nd globally ratifier, 1990-09-05 after Norway 1990-06-19); 1933 Montevideo denuncia trifecta (1997-2000 — Inter-American Citizenship Treaties withdrawal); ICJ Avena 2004 (Mexico v USA — consular notification); Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 (territorial cession + nationality transition framework). NOT party to 1961 Stateless Convention. Apex: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) — Pleno + Primera Sala + Segunda Sala. Indigenous parallel framework distinct.