Мобильность субграждан USMCA / T-MEC (НЕ путь к гражданству)

USMCA Chapter 16 replaces the prior NAFTA/TLCAN Chapter 16 (EIF 1994-01-01) as of 2020-07-01. The Agreement was signed in Buenos Aires on 2018-11-30, with a Protocolo modificatorio signed 2019-12-10 that addressed USMCA-side concerns (primarily US Congressional demands for labor and pharmaceutical provisions). Mexico's promulgation and DOF publication occurred on 2020-07-29.

Four categories of USMCA business persons are recognized under Annex 16-A:

1. Visitantes de Negocios — business visitors for short-term purposes (no work permit required; proof of business character and host-country citizenship)
2. Comerciantes e Inversionistas (E-1/E-2 equivalent in US context) — treaty traders and treaty investors; requires investment or substantial commercial activity
3. Transferidos Intra-Corporativos (L-1 equivalent) — intra-company transferees (managers, executives, specialized knowledge workers)
4. Profesionales USMCA-TN — professionals in approximately 60 designated occupations listed in Appendix 2 (the TN visa category for Mexican nationals; formerly NAFTA TN)

Visitantes de Negocios: Citizen of MX, US, or CA; clear business purpose (meetings, negotiations, consultations, trade); no local employment income; proof of citizenship + proof of business character

Comerciantes e Inversionistas: Must be a national of the treaty country (citizen, not permanent resident); substantial trade between countries OR substantial investment in the host country; enterprise operational

Transferidos Intra-Corporativos (TIC): Employee of corporation with operations in at least 2 USMCA countries; transferred to managerial, executive, or specialized knowledge role; 1-year prior employment with sending entity

Profesionales USMCA-TN: Must be a citizen (NOT permanent resident) of MX, US, or CA; profession must be in the ~60 listed professions in Appendix 2 (accountants, engineers, lawyers, scientists, computer systems analysts, management consultants, etc.); must have qualifying credentials (degree, license, professional certification as specified by profession)

1. Confirm profession is listed in USMCA Appendix 2 and that credentials qualify
2. Obtain from US employer: letter confirming professional position, compensation, and TN basis
3. Present at US port of entry (POE) with: Mexican passport, employer letter, credential documentation (degrees, licenses, professional certifications), applicable fee (US POE processing fee)
4. CBP officer adjudicates TN admission at POE; no prior I-129 petition required for Mexican TN applicants
5. TN status granted for up to 3 years; renewable in 3-year increments; no cap on renewals
6. Key constraint: TN status does NOT allow dual intent (cannot simultaneously pursue immigrant/green card status in most interpretations); strict temporary-entry only

Filing authorities: SEGOB CPM (Coordinación de Política Migratoria) DRII; Secretaría de Economía. MX procedure (BIL): SRE-DGAJ + RENAPO + Registro Civil estatal operational; CPEUM Art 30/32/37 + Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (última reforma DOF 2012-04-23) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 framework; CURP Biométrica reform DOF 2025-07-16.

• Primary treaty: USMCA / T-MEC Capítulo 16 (Entrada Temporal para Personas de Negocios) Anexo 16-A — signed Buenos Aires 2018-11-30 + Protocolo modificatorio 2019-12-10 + EIF 2020-07-01
• Replaces: NAFTA/TLCAN Chapter 16 (1994-01-01 to 2020-06-30)
• MX promulgation: DOF 2020-07-29
• US implementation: INA §214(e) (TN nonimmigrant status); 8 CFR Part 214
• CA implementation: IRPA + IRPR (Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations)
• Constitutional anchor (MX): CPEUM Art 133 (treaty supremacy) + Art 89 fr X (Ejecutivo Federal foreign relations)
• Operative period: 2020-07-01 → present
• Authority: SEGOB CPM (Coordinación de Política Migratoria) DRII (MX side); US Embassy Mexico + USCIS (US side); IRCC (CA side)

Primary statute: USMCA / T-MEC Capítulo 16 (Entrada Temporal para Personas de Negocios) Anexo 16-A — signed Buenos Aires 2018-11-30 + Protocolo modificatorio 2019-12-10 + EIF 2020-07-01; replaces NAFTA/TLCAN 1994 Chapter 16; DOF promulgación 2020-07-29. Operative period: 2020-07-01 → present. Mexican citizenship legal framework: Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) Art 30, 32, 37 primary constitutional framework — Art 30 nationality acquisition (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis); Art 32 dual-citizenship + Mexican-by-naturalization restrictions; Art 37 ciudadanía + nacionalidad loss framework. Constitutional anchor: CPEUM is the longest-continuous-single-text constitution globally (since 1917-02-05); Apartado A fracción I textually preserved across reforms 1934/1969/1974/1997/2021. Implementing statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23; última reforma DOF 2012-04-23). Implementing regulation: Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón sexenio — NOT 2014). Key recent reforms: Art 30 multi-generational jus sanguinis reform DOF 2021-05-17 (Sheinbaum-era); Indigenous Originario framework DOF 2024-09-30 reforming Art 2 + 27 + 73 (CPEUM); Oaxaca Usos y Costumbres 417-418 SNI framework. Treaty anchors: ILO 169 (Mexico 2nd globally ratifier, 1990-09-05 after Norway 1990-06-19); 1933 Montevideo denuncia trifecta (1997-2000 — Inter-American Citizenship Treaties withdrawal); ICJ Avena 2004 (Mexico v USA — consular notification); Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 (territorial cession + nationality transition framework). NOT party to 1961 Stateless Convention. Apex: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) — Pleno + Primera Sala + Segunda Sala. Indigenous parallel framework distinct.