Non-Citizen → Latvian Citizen Conversion via Naturalization

Full Latvian citizenship — voting (national + EU + municipal), passport, dual citizenship per 2013 Article 9 allowlist, family reunification, LV travel + EU mobility

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

This route addresses NAT acquisition pathway under Latvian citizenship framework.

• LV-E1-NAT-001 (0.97 conf, 7 pins): Standard naturalization under Pilsonības likums Article 12(1)(1) requires the applicant to have continuously resided in Latvia 'ne mazāk kā pēdējos piecus gadus' (not less than the last five years) immediately preceding the application date. The 5-year continuous residence is satisfied via either an
• LV-E1-NAT-002 (0.96 conf, 7 pins): The standard naturalization procedure under Pilsonības likums Article 12(1)(2) and Article 19, operationalized by MK noteikumi Nr. 973 (24-09-2013, amended through 05-09-2017), requires the applicant to demonstrate Latvian language fluency tested across four sections (listening, reading, writing, sp
• LV-E1-NAT-004 (0.95 conf, 5 pins): The standard state fee for naturalization application under Pilsonības likums Article 12(1)(7), set by MK noteikumi Nr. 849 (17-09-2013), is EUR 28.46. A reduced fee of EUR 4.27 applies to: low-income individuals/families, registered unemployed, families with three or more minor children, old-age an
• LV-E1-NAT-005 (0.95 conf, 6 pins): Pilsonības likums Article 11 enumerates statutory disqualifications barring naturalization: (a) persons who threaten state security or democratic order; (b) those who served in foreign armed forces without Cabinet approval (10-year window); (c) post-1940 Soviet military personnel who settled in Latv
• LV-E1-NAT-007 (0.94 conf, 4 pins): Cumulative naturalization statistics from PMLP indicate that between the start of the naturalization process on 1995-02-01 and 2025-12-31, 153,056 applications were received and 150,843 persons were naturalized as Latvian citizens (including 14,704 minors who acquired citizenship simultaneously with

Latvian language exam (LSU) administered by Valsts valodas centrs (VVC). Levels A2/B1/B2 depending on category. Exemption: ethnic Latvians per Article 13; children of nepilsoņi parents (jus soli routes); pre-1940 restored citizens.

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

• 5y residency proof
• LSU language exam pass certificate (VVC)
• Constitution + history of Latvia exam pass
• Loyalty oath + naturalization fee

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

• Submit application to PMLP (Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs)
• Review timeline: typically 6-12 months for standard routes
• Appeal: 4-tier administrative ladder (PMLP → Administratīvā rajona tiesa → Apgabaltiesa → Senāta SKA)

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

Standard processing: 6-12 months for routine applications. Simplified procedures (Article 13 for ethnic Latvians, repatriation): 3-6 months. Restoration claims (LVVA documentary review): 12-18 months. Appeals: additional 1-6 months per administrative-court tier (4-tier ladder).

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

Application fee ~28 EUR + state fee (varies). Repatriation: lower fee. Children registrations (1999 stage): no fee. Automatic 2020 jus soli: no fee. Cabinet special-merit: no fee.

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

• Primary statute: 1995 Non-citizens Law
• Apex court: Satversmes tiesa (Constitutional Court)
• Cassation: Augstākā tiesa Senāta Administratīvo lietu departaments
• ECHR jurisprudence: Andrejeva, Sisojeva, Slivenko, Savickis, Valiullina, Djeri

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

4-tier administrative ladder: PMLP head review → Administratīvā rajona tiesa (Administrative District Court — single nationally with 5 houses) → Administratīvā apgabaltiesa (Administrative Regional Court — appellate) → Augstākās tiesas Senāta Administratīvo lietu departaments (case prefix SKA). Time limit per APL Section 79: 1 month.

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

Subject to renunciation requirement for non-allowlist countries (post-2013); War-crimes-support revocation under 2022-04-21 amendment; 10y military restriction (Article 11) unless LT/EE First Republic exception (Article 11(2))

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.

• 1995 Non-citizens Law
• Pilsonības likums

[Apex Anchors — LV Pilsonības likums + Nepilsoņi Architecture v2026]: Pilsonības likums (Citizenship Law) 1994-07-22 (Latvijas Vēstnesis Nr. 93, EIF 1994-08-25) — Article 2 5-pathway DSC framework: (1) Art 2(1) descendants of 1940-06-17 citizens; (2) Art 2(2) born in LV pre-1940 or naturalised pre-1940; (3) Art 2(3) ethnic Latvians/Livs in exile; (4) Art 2(4) Latvian-language repatriates; (5) Art 2(5) other restoration pathways. Article 11(2) bilateral exception: dual citizenship permitted with LT/EE without renunciation (1940 Aktas Nr. I-12 Lithuanian foreign citizenship-recognition triggering Baltic-Triple-State-Continuity doctrine; reactivated post-1991-08-21 restitutio in integrum). Article 9(1)(2) 2013 EU/EEA/NATO/CH whitelist amendment (Saeima Reform 2013-05-09; EIF 2013-10-01) — liberalisation marker permitting dual citizenship with 28 whitelisted states (all 27 EU members + AUS + NZL + BRA + CHE + USA + NATO members). §13(4) 2016 chain-break (Saeima Reform 2016-02-04) restricting transmission to 2nd descent generation absent residence trigger. NEPILSOŅI ("non-citizens") sui-generis ~5-route cluster (1995 Likums par to bijušo PSRS pilsoņu statusu — Law on Status of Former USSR Citizens; ~190K population 1995 → ~155K 2026 progressive de-statelessization arc, 21-year span). Andrejeva v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2009-02-18 (Appl 55707/00) + Savickis v Latvia ECtHR [GC] 2022-06-09 (Appl 49270/11) — Constitutional Court Satversmes tiesa apex per Article 85 Satversme 1922. Daugavas Vanagi 1945 Latvian Legion (Waffen-SS Latvian recruits) historical-recognition jurisprudence chain. ECN Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 1997 (CETS 166) — LV not ratified (preserved Nepilsoņi framework). EU accession 2004-05-01 framework + 2014 Eurozone accession.