All citizenship paths
1,773 documented citizenship paths across 62 countries — descent, naturalization, marriage, investment, and special programs. Every path is backed by primary legislation with a visible verification date.
Albania17 paths
- Citizenship through adoption
- Birth/foundling in territory (anti-statelessness)
- Birth in territory to lawfully-resident foreign parents (by consent)
- Citizenship by birth to Albanian parent(s)
- Naturalization by origin (3-degree citizenship descent)
- Citizenship through marriage to an Albanian citizen
- Minors' derivative acquisition (parents naturalize)
- Ordinary naturalization (7 years)
- Naturalization for state interest
- Special-merit citizenship programs (art/culture/education/science/sports)
- Naturalization as parent of Albanian-citizen minor
- Review/appeal of citizenship decisions
- Naturalization of refugees / subsidiary protection
- Reacquisition (rifitimi) by former citizens who renounced
- Transitional reacquisition — pre-2020 renouncers without another citizenship
- Facilitated naturalization of stateless persons
- Renunciation of Albanian citizenship (heqja dorë)
Antigua and Barbuda23 paths
- Citizenship via adoption by an Antiguan citizen
- OECS/CARICOM free-movement (sub-citizenship status; NOT pathway-to-nationality)
- Birth in Antigua and Barbuda (jus soli, on/after 1 Nov 1981)
- Birth exceptions / foundling / transitional (independence cohort)
- Derivative — minor child registered on parent's acquisition
- Descent — born abroad to an Antiguan parent (1st generation)
- Descent — generational limit / parent citizen-by-descent only
- Descent via grandparent (independence-acquisition test; no standalone s.5A)
- CBI — National Development Fund (NDF) donation (US$230,000)
- CBI — Approved Real Estate (US$300,000 full purchase; resale-once-after-5yr)
- CBI — Business investment (individual / joint)
- CBI — University of the West Indies (UWI) / Higher-Education Fund (US$260,000; family >=6)
- CBI — Dependants framework (child<=30, parent/grandparent>55, unmarried siblings, alternate main applicant)
- Spouse registration (marriage to a citizen). Constitutional requirement: the marriage must have subsisted for upwards of three years (Constitution s.114(1)(b)). The Oliveira [2016] UKPC 24 'one year'
- Ordinary naturalisation (alien; 12-month continuous + 5-of-7-year aggregate)
- Commonwealth-citizen registration (7 years; First Schedule)
- Millennium naturalisation (special window — resident since 1 Jan 2000)
- Registration-entitlement (constitutional entitlement limbs)
- Re-acquisition / narrow resumption (no general statutory resumption)
- Stateless persons / ministerial discretion
- Loss — voluntary renunciation
- Loss — deprivation/revocation (general; fraud, disloyalty)
- Loss — CBI deprivation (no refund of investment)
Argentina37 paths
- Filiación post-natal + adopción + reproducción asistida
- Jus Soli — Nacimiento en territorio argentino
- Jus Soli — Excepción agentes diplomáticos extranjeros
- Jus Soli — Apatridia preventiva (CRC + 1961 Convention)
- Cessation interplay con Acuerdo IT-AR 1971
- Cessation interplay con Acuerdo ES-AR 1969
- Pérdida por adquisición voluntaria de nacionalidad sin Acuerdo (Art 8 Ley 346)
- Pérdida por traición (Art 119 CN + Código Penal)
- Renuncia formal a la ciudadanía argentina
- Jus Sanguinis ascendant — Hijo de argentino nativo
- Doble Nacionalidad IT-AR (Acuerdo 1971 + Protocolo 2007)
- Doble Nacionalidad ES-AR (Acuerdo 1969 + Protocolo 2001)
- Jus Sanguinis — Argentino por opción (sin registro consular)
- Jus Sanguinis — Hijo de argentino naturalizado
- Malvinas —
- Georgias del Sur —
- Sandwich del Sur —
- Hijos de argentinos nativos en exterior — registro consular
- Argentino por opción — registro tardío en territorio AR
- Naturalización por matrimonio con argentino
- Unión convivencial registrada con argentino
- Naturalización ordinaria — 2 años residencia continua (DNM administrativa post-DNU 366/2025)
- Naturalización por servicio militar voluntario
- Naturalización por servicios públicos al país
- Naturalización por matrimonio con argentino
- Naturalización por antecedentes científico-artísticos
- Naturalización con requisito interpretativo de idioma castellano
- Restitución de ciudadanía afectada por gobierno de facto 1976-83 (Ley 23.059)
- Reconocimiento de apatridia (Convenciones 1954/1961)
- Readquisición de ciudadanía argentina
- Naturalización via MERCOSUR Acuerdo Residencia
- Pueblos Originarios — overlay sui-generis (sin distinct nationality)
- Residentes fronterizos AR-UY (Tratado Río de la Plata 1973)
- Residentes fronterizos AR-BR/PY/BO/CL
- Citizenship by Relevant Investment (Art 2 bis Ley 346 vía DNU 366/2025)
- Diaspora outbound IT — recognition flow AR→IT
- Diaspora outbound ES — recognition flow AR→ES (Ley Memoria Democrática 2022)
Armenia37 paths
- Citizenship by adoption — adopted child of RA citizen acquires RA citizenship
- Adoption with child consent (age 14-17 requires both parental and child consent)
- Collective acquisition procedural category (Decision No. 192 of 1996 + presidential decree batching)
- Ethnic minorities of Armenia — citizenship via standard naturalization (no sui-generis pathway)
- Yazidi minority — largest non-Armenian ethnic group (~35K) — standard naturalization
- Historical NKR citizenship framework (~1996-2024) — internally operative, no international recognition
- Republic of Artsakh (NKR) dissolution event — 28 Sep 2023 decree, effective 1 Jan 2024 (contested validity)
- Facilitated naturalization procedure for forcibly displaced Karabakh persons (operative since Oct 2023)
- RA-issued code-070 passports for NKR residents (bilateral travel-document arrangement 1999-2023)
- October 2023 Government Decision — forcibly displaced Karabakh persons declared 'temporary protection' (code-070 passport reclassification)
- Commonwealth of Independent States — multilateral coordination only, no citizenship conferral
- Council of Europe membership + ECHR jurisdiction
- EAEU membership — free movement of workers (NOT sub-citizenship, NOT pathway to nationality)
- EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (signed 2017-11-24, EIF 2021-03-01)
- Birth in Armenia to RA-citizen parents (jus sanguinis via parents both RA-citizens)
- Birth in Armenia to stateless or unknown-nationality parents (statelessness prevention)
- Deprivation for fraud (Art 25 ground 2)
- Constitutional protection from deprivation (Art 47 §5)
- Voluntary renunciation (Art 24)
- Cessation cannot result in statelessness (Art 23 parts 3-4, codified by HO-4-N 2025 EIF 2026-01-01)
- Birth (in or outside Armenia) to one RA-citizen parent — constitutional right to acquire
- Birth outside Armenia to RA-citizen parents
- Dual citizenship acquisition / retention (post-26 February 2007 HO-75-N reform)
- Former ArmSSR citizens permanently resident in RA at constitution enactment (1995) — automatic conferral (transitional clause 1, deadline-exhausted)
- Former ArmSSR citizens outside RA without other nationality (transitional clause 3, OPEN)
- Spousal route via marriage to RA citizen (Art 13 part 2 clause 1 first prong)
- Parent of RA-citizen child (Art 13 part 2 clause 1 second prong)
- Standard naturalization — 3-year residence + Armenian language + Constitution familiarity
- Spousal/parent-of-RA-citizen accelerated naturalization (Art 13 part 2 clause 1)
- Former-RA-citizen parent / RA-born parent + applicant within 3 years of turning 18 (Art 13 part 2 clause 2)
- Consular naturalization — applications via RA consular missions abroad (now via mcs-citizenship.am)
- Restoration after post-1995 renunciation (Art 13 part 2 clause 4 simplified procedure)
- General restoration under Art 14 (post-HO-75-N 2007 reform)
- Diplomatic protection of RA citizens abroad (Constitution Art 47 §8)
- Genocide-descendant recognition via general ethnic-Armenian repatriation pathway (no separate statute)
- Outstanding services to RA — full waiver (Art 13 part 3)
- Repatriation of Armenian-by-origin (ethnic Armenian) — simplified procedure (Art 47 §3-4 constitutional + Art 13 part 2 clause 3 statutory)
Australia38 paths
- Hague 1993 + Bilateral Adoption (§13 + §19E ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Birth — Parent AC or PR (§12(1)(a) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Birth — 10y Ordinary Residence (§12(1)(b) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Birth — External Territory (Norfolk/Christmas/Cocos/AAT)
- Foundling/Abandoned Children (§14 ACA 2007)
- Indigenous Birthright — Sui Generis Non-Alien Category (Love v Commonwealth)
- Citizenship by Descent — Otherwise-Than-By-Descent Parent (§16/17/18 ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Descent — By-Descent Parent + 2y Parental Presence (§16/17)
- Adoption Acquisition (§13 ACA 2007 — NOT §16/17)
- Indigenous Australian Descent (Constraint on Alien Power)
- 1967 Constitutional Referendum Impact — Indigenous Incorporation
- Marriage Pathway — §22(9) Ministerial Discretion (Operative)
- ADF Overseas Service Descent Transmission (§17 + §23 ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — General Residence (§21(2) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Spousal Ministerial Discretion (§22(9) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Incapacity (§21(3) ACA 2007)
- NZ Citizen — 4-Year SCV → Direct Citizenship (Albanese 2023 Reform)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Age 60+ or Impairment (§21(4) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Under 18 Application (§21(5) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Born to Former AC (§21(6) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Born in Papua (§21(7) ACA 2007)
- Citizenship by Conferral — Statelessness (§21(8) ACA 2007)
- Special Residence — Academics/Religion/Defence (§22B ACA 2007)
- Voluntary Renunciation (§33 ACA 2007)
- Revocation/Cessation General Framework (§34 ACA 2007)
- Cessation Act ARC — Court-Ordered Post-Repudiation (Subdivision C → 2023)
- Resumption (§29-31 ACA 2007 Subdivision C)
- Trans-Tasman SCV — Subclass 444 (Migration Act 1958 + Social Security Act 1991 dual basis)
- NZ Direct Citizenship Pathway — 2023+ (Albanese Reform; High-Volume)
- Indigenous Sui Generis — Love v Commonwealth (2020) HCA 3
- External Territories Citizenship (7 ext-terr wrapper)
- Pacific Solution / Operation Sovereign Borders Cohort
- Subclass 189 NZ Stream (2017 Pathway)
- Jervis Bay Territory (3rd Internal Territory — Separate from ACT)
- s.44 Constitution Dual-Nationality Bar (Re Canavan + Re Gallagher + Sykes 1992)
- s.51(xix) Aliens Power (Singh + Pochi + Re Patterson)
- s.51(xxvi) Post-1967 Indigenous Power
- NZYQ + YBFZ Indefinite Detention Struck Down
Austria23 paths
- Adoption Erstreckung
- Stateless-child §14
- Minor-child derivative
- Jus sanguinis acquisition from Austrian parent at birth
- Jus sanguinis for non-marital child
- StV 1955 Art 7 minority recognition
- Economic contribution §10(6)
- Spousal naturalization
- MIL placeholder
- Ordinary naturalization 10-year
- Reduced 6-year naturalization
- Reduced 4-year naturalization
- Former-national reacquisition
- §58c(1) persecution victims
- §58c(1a) direct-line descendants
- §58c(2) spouses
- §58c(3) former nationals abroad
- §10(6) exceptional achievement
- Voluntary Foreign Nationality Acquisition + Beibehaltungsbewilligung Retention Permission (§27 + §28 StbG)
- Foreign Military Service Loss (§32 StbG)
- Entziehung State-Initiated Revocation incl. Armed-Conflict + Terror Conviction (§33 StbG)
- Forced Entziehung of Naturalized Citizens Retaining Foreign Nationality (§34 StbG)
- Erstreckung Verlust Minderjährige Derivative Loss to Minor Children (§29 StbG)
Belgium29 paths
- International adoption (Hague Convention aligned)
- Belgian birthright (Article 11 CNB) - limited jus soli
- Statelessness preventer (Article 10 CNB)
- Article 11bis attribution by declaration (post-2012)
- Adoption-based nationality (Article 9 CNB) — plenary adoption Hague-aligned
- Belgian descent (Article 8 CNB) - jus sanguinis
- Declaration of nationality for child born of Belgian national abroad (Article 19 CNB)
- Article 17 transmission to minor children
- EU citizenship derivative rights (Article 20 TFEU framework)
- Code de la Nationalité Belge - foundational current statute
- Marriage-based pathway via Article 12bis §1 4° (extended view)
- Military service (vestigial) - reservist obligations post-1992
- Article 12 CNB declaration of nationality (5y residence + integration)
- Article 12bis §1 1°+2° CNB - 5-year assimilation declaration
- Article 12bis §1 5° CNB - 10-year assimilation declaration with B1 language
- Article 12bis §1 4° CNB - marriage-pathway (5y residence + 3y cohabitation)
- Article 12bis §1 3° CNB - BE-born adult with 5y residence
- Article 13 CNB - parliamentary naturalization (discretionary)
- Recouvrement de la nationalité belge (Article 24 CNB)
- Holocaust reparation provisions (Loi 6 décembre 1948)
- Statelessness recognition + naturalization pathway (Loi 12 mai 2014)
- Refugee → naturalization pathway (5y from refugee status grant)
- Roma cohort statelessness recognition
- BE-DRC Trust Territory transitional citizenship (Belgian Congo)
- BE-Rwanda Trust Territory transitional (ex-Ruanda-Urundi)
- BE-Burundi Trust Territory transitional (ex-Ruanda-Urundi)
- Article 22 automatic loss (post-Tjebbes proportionality)
- Article 23 voluntary renunciation
- Article 23/1 revocation (terror + serious offences with Tjebbes proportionality)
Brazil36 paths
- Adoção por brasileiro
- Estatuto da Igualdade BR-PT
- CPLP Mobilidade
- Convenção BR-ES 1957 (dupla)
- Tratados direitos da criança (CDC+ICCPR)
- Jus soli amplo
- DSC parental a serviço RFB
- DSC registry-OR-residency option
- DSC grandparental — extensão
- DSC consular EIB (Embaixadas e Itamaraty)
- Grande naturalização 1889-1934
- CF 1934-1937-1946 framework histórico
- Lei 818/1949 framework histórico
- Estatuto do Estrangeiro Lei 6.815/1980
- CF 1967+EC 1/1969 framework
- Convenção Italo-Brasileira 1934 nacionalidade
- Originário Marco Temporal
- Cônjuge de brasileiro
- Serviço militar e nacionalidade
- Naturalização ordinária 4y
- Naturalização extraordinária 15y
- Naturalização Lusófona 1y
- Naturalização especial diplomática
- Naturalização provisória menor
- Cargos privativos nato vs naturalizado
- Decreto presidencial naturalização (Art 12 §1)
- Quilombola ADCT Art 68
- Reaquisição pós-EC 131/2023
- Perda judicial naturalização Art 12 §4 I
- Perda voluntária por pedido expresso Art 12 §4 II
- Perda histórica pré-EC 131/2023 (Hoerig doctrine)
- MERCOSUL Residência
- Apátrida fast-track
- Refugiado fast-track
- Filhos de servidores União exterior
- DSC consular registry
Bulgaria21 paths
- Adoption-based naturalization (full adoption)
- Citizenship by birthplace / foundling
- Minor follows naturalizing/accepting parent
- Citizenship by descent (jus sanguinis, one-parent) — Art. 8 Bulgarian Citizenship Act
- Citizenship by descent — born abroad (ЗБГ Art. 8 ex lege; Art. 39 declaratory certificate)
- Citizenship by descent — paternity/parentage establishment by acknowledgment or court decision (ЗБГ Art. 9)
- Bulgarian-origin facilitated naturalization (Art 15(1)(1))
- 1989-expelled restoration (Revival-Process cohort + descendants)
- Acquisition/recognition under prior Bulgarian statutes (1903/04 → 1940 → 1948 → 1968), ex lege per the КС №12/1996 birth-moment rule — NOT Sephardic
- Marriage-based facilitated naturalization (spouse of a Bulgarian citizen, ЗБГ чл.13 т.1)
- Standard (ordinary) naturalization — Art. 12 Bulgarian Citizenship Act
- Refugee/asylum naturalization — reduced residence (Art. 13a(1))
- Stateless naturalization — reduced residence (ЗБГ Art. 14)
- Special-merit / state-interest naturalization (Art 16 BCA)
- Restoration of Bulgarian citizenship (after release / no-loss basis)
- Restoration of Bulgarian citizenship after deprivation / lapsed basis (Art. 27 ZBG)
- Stateless-person naturalization (Art. 14 ZBG) via the Statelessness Determination Procedure (SDP, FRBA Arts 21b–21g)
- Refugee/asylum protection-status naturalization (§13а(1))
- Naturalization of a holder of humanitarian status (subsidiary protection) — Art. 13a(2) ZBG (5-year track)
- Voluntary renunciation / release from Bulgarian citizenship (Art 20 ZBG; Constitution Art 98(9))
- Revocation of naturalization (Art 22) and deprivation of citizenship (Art 24) + terrorism exclusion
Canada22 paths
- Direct citizenship grant on inter-country adoption (s.5.1)
- Adoption — substantial-connection limit (s.5.1(4), post-C-3)
- Birth in Canada (jus soli)
- Citizenship by descent — first generation (born abroad to a Canadian)
- Citizenship by descent — substantial-connection test (Bill C-3, in force)
- Citizenship by descent — Crown-service-abroad exception
- Pre-1977 citizenship under the 1947 Canadian Citizenship Act
- Pre-1947 British subjects in Canada / Newfoundland
- Lost Canadians — former s.8 retention-failure cohort restored by C-3
- C-3 retroactive descent restoration — second-generation-plus born before 2025-12-15
- Indigenous peoples — citizenship vs Indian Act registration (parallel framework)
- Adult naturalization grant (s.5(1))
- Minor grant (s.5(2))
- Canadian Armed Forces accelerated grant (s.5(1.2)/(1.3))
- Resumption of citizenship (s.11)
- Historical women's re-acquisition by election (s.11(2))
- Discretionary grant — statelessness (s.5(4))
- Discretionary grant — special and unusual hardship (s.5(4))
- Statelessness-at-birth bloodline grant (s.5(5)) — NEW mandatory (C-3)
- Discretionary grant — services of exceptional value to Canada (s.5(4))
- Revocation of citizenship for fraud (s.10/10.1)
- Renunciation of citizenship (s.9)
Chile11 paths
- Nationality by birth in Chilean territory (jus soli)
- Jus soli exception + right of option (children of transient foreigners / foreign-govt agents)
- Nationality by descent (jus sanguinis) with first/second-degree ancestor anchor
- Nationality by special grace (nacionalización por gracia) — by law
- Ordinary naturalization (carta) — 5 years + residencia definitiva
- Qualified naturalization — 2 years (spouse / relatives to 2nd degree / child of former Chilean)
- Minor naturalization (14+ with permanent residence)
- Refugee-child naturalization (derivative, no further requirement)
- Reclamation remedy — Art 12 appeal to the Corte Suprema (30 days)
- Residencia definitiva (permanent residence) — naturalization prerequisite
- Rehabilitation / resumption of lost nationality (by law)
Croatia43 paths
- Adoption — 3-Pillar Framework (Articles 4 + 13 + 14)
- International Adoption — Article 14 Application
- Article 14 Adopted Minor on Request
- HR-BiH HVO Veterans Bilateral Direct Application
- Article 4 Jus Sanguinis Automatic — Both/One Parent Croatian
- Article 5 Jus Soli Minor — Stateless / Unknown Nationality
- Article 4 Jus Sanguinis (Both Parents Croatian) — Sub-variant
- Article 5 Jus Soli Foundling Born in HR
- Article 7 Foundling/Stateless Determination
- Article 4 Jus Sanguinis (One Parent + Born in HR) — Sub-variant
- Article 4 Jus Sanguinis (One Parent Croatian + Other Stateless/Unknown + Born Abroad)
- HR-BiH Dual Citizenship Treaty (NN-MU 9/2007)
- HR-BiH HVO Veterans Bilateral (NN-MU 2/2006)
- Article 18 Release from Citizenship (Otpust)
- Article 19 Renunciation by Declaration
- Article 22-23 Deprivation Grounds
- Article 11 Descent — 3-Generation Emigrant Framework (Post-2011)
- Article 30a Paragraph 2 — 1977-1991 Birth-Cohort Registry-Correction
- Descent via Article 30a Posthumously-Deemed Branitelj Ancestor
- Argentine Diaspora — Article 11 + Article 16 Pathway
- Australian Diaspora — Article 11 + Article 16 Pathway
- Canadian Diaspora — Article 11 + Article 16 Pathway
- German Diaspora — Article 11 + Article 16 Pathway (Post-WWII Gastarbeiter Cohort)
- USA Diaspora — Article 11 + Article 16 Pathway
- Article 11 Emigrant Original Pathway
- Emigrant Defender Pathway (Article 11 + Branitelji Act)
- Article 11 Emigrant 3-Generation Descendant
- Article 11 Emigrant Spouse Pathway
- Article 16 'Membership in Croatian People' Ethnic-Croat
- EU Citizenship Acquired via HR Naturalization (Post-2013)
- SUI-GENERIS: Hrvatski branitelj Domovinskog rata Posthumous Deeming (Article 30a)
- HVO Branitelji Sub-Pathway (Bilateral with BiH)
- HVO Veterans Bilateral (HR-BiH NN-MU 2/2006)
- SFRY-Successor Article 30 Transitional Mechanism
- Article 10 Marriage-Based Naturalization
- Article 8 Standard Naturalization (8-year residence)
- Article 8 Naturalization with Branitelji Facilitation
- Article 8 Branitelji-Facilitated Naturalization (Reduced Residency)
- Article 13 Minor of Naturalizing Parent
- Article 13 Family Member of Defender
- Article 16 Ethnic-Croat Returnee — Post-2020 Expanded ('Membership in Croatian People')
- Article 12 Special Interest Naturalization
- Article 7 Acquisition by Determination (incl. foundling/stateless)
Cyprus34 paths
- Adoption by Cypriot citizen — citizenship conferral by registration
- Birth in Cyprus on/after 1960-08-16 with at least one Cypriot citizen parent
- Foundling and stateless-child protection (residual provision)
- Mixed-parentage Council of Ministers discretion (one parent illegal entrant/settler)
- Cyprus Armenian community ↔ Armenia cross-border connections
- EU citizenship commercialisation dispute — Commission v Malta C-181/23 (operative authority re CIP)
- EU Migration & Asylum Pact transposition (Cyprus 2026 refugee law overhaul; not direct citizenship pathway)
- Greek-Cypriot ↔ Greek reciprocal descent — bilateral overlap documentation
- Cyprus Maronite community ↔ Lebanon cross-border connections
- Russia/Belarus CIP-holder restrictions post-2022 (
- Turkey grants citizenship to ethnic Turks with TRNC connection (TVK §11)
- EU acquis suspension in TRNC north — Protocol 10 (2003 EU Accession Treaty)
- UK colonial-inheritance descent pathway — BNA 1948/1981/BOTA 2002 interaction
- Cypriots' UK voting rights as Commonwealth citizens (RPA 1983)
- SBA UK-sovereign-on-CY-territory — legal framework overlap (Protocol 3 + SBAA)
- Born outside Cyprus on/after 1960-08-16 with Cypriot citizen parent — registration
- Pre-1999 mother-derived descent cohort (1960-08-16 to 1999-06-10) — ministerial registration option
- Pre-1960 diaspora male-line descent registration (Form M71 / M72)
- Greek-Cypriot ↔ Greek reciprocal descent pathway (cross-reference)
- Descendants of pre-1960 British Cypriots — BNA 1981 §§4C/4G/4H/4I/4L registration remedies
- Spouse of Cypriot citizen naturalisation (Article 110 Civil Registry Law)
- Standard naturalisation — 7+1 year residence (Article 111 Civil Registry Law)
- Highly Skilled Professional fast-track naturalisation (4-year / Article 111B)
- Naturalisation by Registration (Cap. 105 framework reference)
- Honorary Naturalisation for Public Interest (non-economic exceptional cases, post-2025-12-04)
- Naturalisation by Exception (residual non-economic cases only — post-2025-12-04 amendment)
- Restoration of citizenship by registration (former citizens)
- Restoration after deprivation — procedural challenge
- Ex-CIP holders — revocation procedures and restoration challenges (ongoing)
- Pyla bicommunal village — Council of Ministers geographic exception to Section 3(1) bar
- SBA-born persons — BOTC status + RoC citizenship interaction (Akrotiri & Dhekelia)
- Citizenship deprivation by Council of Ministers (administrative + judicial)
- Voluntary renunciation of Cypriot citizenship
- Automatic loss of citizenship — investigation (Cyprus generally permits dual citizenship)
Czech Republic19 paths
- International adoption derivative
- Acquisition by birth — jus sanguinis (§3 Act 186/2013)
- Foundling jus soli — statelessness avoidance only (§10)
- Declaration by former CZ/CS citizens (§31 Act 186/2013)
- Declaration by descendants (§32 + Act 207/2019 expansion)
- Derivative descent (parent restored under §31/§32)
- Paternity-determination acquisition (§6-§7-§8 + §28 Act 186/2013)
- Spouse pathway (§15(1)(e) waiver of §14 conditions)
- Standard naturalization (§14 Act 186/2013): 5y permanent residence + Czech B1 + civics
- Reduced-residency naturalization (§12-§13 — refugees, stateless)
- EU-citizen reduced pathway
- Diaspora restoration expansion (Act 207/2019 §31 expansion)
- Asylum / refugee citizenship pathway (Act 325/1999 + 1961 Convention)
- Stateless person reduction (1961 + 1954 Conventions; §12-§13)
- Meritorious-services (§16 Act 186/2013)
- Holocaust restitution citizenship (via §31)
- Voluntary loss / renunciation (§38-§40 Act 186/2013)
- Loss for serious threat to state
- PENDING/NEW: Lex Ukraine VII Russian-citizen restriction (Act 24/2025)
Denmark47 paths
- § 2A Automatic Adoption Acquisition — Child Under 12 + Danish-Equivalent Adoption
- Pre-2004 Adoption Null-Pathway (No Automatic Acquisition)
- Højesteret Adoption-Acquisition Jurisprudence (no current direct ruling;
- Nordic Passport Convention 1954 Founding Party + 1950 Nordic Citizenship Convention
- Nordic Anmeldelse § 3 7-Year Erklæringsadgang (DK MAINTAINS Post-SE-2026-Abolition)
- Nordic Reduced-Residence Naturalization (CIS 9461/2021 § 7 stk 3 — 2y not 9y)
- Stateless-Born Safety Net (§ 1 stk 4) + Foundling Presumption (§ 1 stk 3)
- Realm-Birth Greenland + Faroes (GL/FO sub-jurisdiction with EU/EEA status divergence)
- § 8 stk 1 22-Year Automatic Loss — Verbatim Statute (CASCADE-DISTINCTIVE)
- § 8 stk 2 Derivative Child Loss (Discretionary)
- § 8 stk 3 Nordic 7-Year Equivalence Rule (BIL Cross-Reference)
- Tjebbes-DK CJEU C-689/21 X v UIM — Grand Chamber Doctrinal Benchmark
- HJR BS-23360/2022 § 8B stk 3 Proportionality (IS-kvinde Iran case)
- Iceland 1944 Cessation Branch — Sambandslov 1918 Termination (Personal-Union Dissolution)
- Værnepligt (Compulsory Military Service) Interaction with § 8 22-Yr Loss + Realm Application
- Jus Sanguinis Canonical (§ 1 stk 1 — 4 parental forms post-2025-01-01)
- Pre-1979 Paternal-Dominant Descent + Prinsessereglen Cohort
- Marriage-Legitimation Pre-2004 Descent Pathway (HJR 26 June 2024 interpretation)
- War-Area Carve-Out — § 1 stk 2 (Tjebbes implementation Lov 63/2020)
- Former-Danes-§7-Cohort Descendant Line (pre-2015-09-01 cessation)
- Faroe Islands Home Rule + Takeover Act (1948 + 2005)
- Greenland Self-Government (Lov 473/2009) — Cascade-First Self-Government Recognition
- Greenland 1985 EEC Withdrawal — Only Territory to Exit EEC/EU (CELEX 11985G000)
- Greenland Statutory Independence Pathway (Lov 473/2009 § 21)
- Realm Triple-Jurisdiction Common Citizenship — CASCADE-FIRST FRAMEWORK
- Anordning Mechanism (Royal Order Sub-Jurisdiction Implementation)
- 1776 Indfødsretsforordningen — Earliest Predecessor (Christian VII)
- 1898 First Codified Citizenship Act — Lov nr 42 af 19/03/1898
- 1925 + 1950 Indfødsretslov — Scandinavian + Nordic Harmonization Cohort
- 1978 Gender-Equalization + 2004 Substantive Reform + LBK 1656/2022 Current
- Inuit / Kalaallit Null-Pathway 4-Layer Architecture — CASCADE-FIRST
- ILO 169 Ratification (1996-02-22; 9th Globally / 2nd Nordic — Kickoff Correction)
- Kalaallisut Official Language + Inatsisartut Territorial Authority
- Spousal Three-Tier Reduced-Residence Ladder (CIS 9461/2021 § 8)
- Marriage-Legitimation Pre-2004 (HJR 26 June 2024 interpretation — dagældende § 2)
- Folketinget Half-Yearly Parliamentary Act Naturalization (Lov om indfødsrets meddelelse) — CASCADE-FIRST FRAMEWORK
- Standard Naturalization Criteria (§ 6 stk 1 — 9 cumulative conditions)
- Reform Arc 2 Restrictive (Lov 2057/2021 — Danish Values + handshake + gebyr hike)
- Stateless-Born-in-DK Special Pathway (§ 6 stk 2; CRC + 1961 Convention)
- Indfødsretsudvalget (IFU) Exclusive Dispensation Authority
- Recent Naturalization Acts + Pending Legislation Tracking
- § 5B Tjebbes Proportionality-Review Pathway (Lov 410/2025) — CASCADE-FIRST CODIFICATION
- § 5A Re-Acquisition by Erklæring (Sunset 2026-07-01) — Former § 7 Cohort
- § 9 Frasigelse / Løsning — Voluntary Renunciation
- § 4 Born-in-DK-Lost-After-18 + 2y Residence Re-Acquisition
- Folketing Extraordinary Naturalization Grants (Outside Half-Yearly Cycle)
- Royal Family Indfødsret — Grundloven § 6 (Constitutional)
Dominica19 paths
- Citizenship on adoption by a Dominican citizen
- CARICOM / OECS free movement (sub-citizenship status)
- Citizenship by Birth in Dominica (jus soli)
- Birth in Dominica — exceptions, foundling and ship/aircraft
- Registration of a minor child of a citizen (derivative)
- Citizenship by Descent — born abroad to a Dominican parent
- Descent — first-generation-born-abroad limit
- Citizenship by Investment — Economic Diversification Fund (EDF) donation
- Citizenship by Investment — Approved Real Estate
- Citizenship by Investment — dependants framework
- Registration as a citizen by marriage to a Dominican
- Naturalisation of an alien by residence
- Registration of a Commonwealth citizen by residence
- Ministerial discretion / waiver of residence (special circumstances)
- Registration entitlements under the Constitution
- Resumption of citizenship after renunciation
- Stateless / foundling / ministerial-discretion safeguards
- Deprivation of citizenship and CBI revocation
- Renunciation of citizenship
Estonia28 paths
- Adoption — Automatic Acquisition (KodS § 5(2¹) — adopted child of Estonian citizen parents)
- Adoption — Minor Naturalization Route (KodS § 13 — where § 5(2¹) not applicable)
- Citizenship by Birth — Jus Sanguinis (KodS § 5(1)(1) — at least one parent Estonian citizen at birth)
- Citizenship by Birth — Jus Sanguinis (KodS § 5(1)(2) — post-mortem father cohort)
- Citizenship by Birth — Foundling Presumption (KodS § 5(2) — judicial mechanism)
- Minor Naturalization — General (KodS § 13 — parent-application for children under 15)
- Automatic Birth Citizenship — Stateless-Parent Children (KodS § 13(4) — 2016 provision)
- Citizenship Cessation — Three Exhaustive Modes (KodS § 22: release, deprivation, automatic-loss)
- Deprivation (KodS § 28 Post-2022 Restructuring — Mandatory-to-Discretionary + § 28(1¹) New Ground)
- Citizenship by Descent — First Republic Restoration Chain (KodS § 5(1)(1) + state continuity + 1938 Act)
- Citizenship by Descent — Post-1944 Escape Cohort (Diaspora Descendants via § 5 chain)
- Spouse of Estonian Citizen — Standard § 6 Naturalization (No Distinct Marriage Pathway)
- TCN Spouse of EU Citizen (Non-Estonian) — Free Movement + § 6 Pathway
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Undetermined Citizenship Gray Passport Holders (~60,000 cohort)
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Automatic Birth Citizenship for Children (§ 13(4) from 2016)
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Pre-1990 Settler Facilitated Naturalization (§ 33 waiver)
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Foundling Statelessness Prevention (KodS § 5(2))
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Mixed-Family Minor Extension 2020 (§ 13 post-RT I, 07.02.2020, 7)
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Statelessness Release Bar (KodS § 26(1) — prevents new statelessness creation)
- MITTEKODANIKUD — Age-65+ Language Exemption (KodS § 34 — oral exam only)
- Standard Naturalization (KodS § 6 — 8+5 year residence, B1 language, civics, income, loyalty, oath)
- Special Merit Naturalization (KodS § 10 — annual cap 10 persons)
- Pre-1990 Settler Facilitated Naturalization (KodS § 33 — § 6(2) residence permit waiver)
- Minor-Loss Restoration (KodS § 16 — rights-based, Pohiseadus § 8(2))
- No Facilitated Re-Acquisition for Voluntary Renouncers — § 6 from Scratch
- Erroneous-Recognition Correction (KodS § 32 — administrative correction, not restoration)
- First Republic Descent Chain Documentary Establishment (§ 5 operative restoration colloquially)
- Pre-1990 Settler Transitional Route (KodS § 33 + § 34 combined facilitation for aged MITTEKODANIKUD)
Finland25 paths
- Citizenship by Birth in FI — to Finnish parent (jus sanguinis at birth)
- Birth Abroad to Finnish parent — descent transmission
- Statelessness Preventer — child born in FI who would otherwise be stateless
- Foundling / Abandoned Child (deemed Finnish until proven otherwise)
- ECN-cohort obligations + Article 22(b) age-30 declaration
- EU Citizenship Derivative — Article 20 TFEU + Tjebbes/Rottmann/Genovese/Zambrano
- Nordic Passport Union 1954/1957/1958 — free movement (NOT citizenship)
- Nordic Citizenship Convention 1969 (FI accession; revisions to 2012-09-05)
- Descent — post-1.6.2003 cohort (modernized 359/2003 § 9)
- Adoption — Finnish parent adopts foreign minor (Article 10)
- Spousal of Finnish Citizen — Article 22 (4y residence + 3y cohabitation)
- Spousal — Diplomatic-Spouse 2y accelerated pathway (post-2024)
- Military Service Interactions — ECN reservation Article 21(3)(g)
- Standard Naturalization — post-2024-10-01 cohort (8y residence; CURRENT)
- Naturalization — refugee/protection-status modified residence count
- Naturalization — Stateless person modified residence count
- Naturalization — Nordic-citizen accelerated path (Nordic Convention 1969 cohort)
- Phase 2 Reform Act 929/2025 — financial resources + integrity + identity (in-force 2025-12-17)
- Civics Test 2027 — mandatory digital test for naturalization applicants (in-force 2027-01-01)
- Sami Parliament Act 414/2025 reform — UN HRC compliance (in-force 2025-08-01)
- Restoration — former Finnish citizens (Article 29 unified declaration)
- Åland Hembygdsrätt — sub-national regional citizenship (NOT national)
- Sami null-citizenship-pathway (Sami citizens are Finnish via standard pathways)
- Article 34 Automatic Cessation — foreign-born dual-cit at age 22 without 7y FI connection
- Article 33a Treason/Terror Revocation (2019-05-01 + lowered threshold 2025-12)
France25 paths
- Adoption Art 20 + 21-12
- Enfant trouvé Art 19
- Double droit du sol Art 19-3
- Acquisition à 18 ans Art 21-7
- Acquisition anticipée Art 21-11
- CBN-01 effet collectif + perte/déchéance
- Filiation
- Algerian transitional Ord 62-825
- Harkis Loi 2022-229
- Décolonisation hors Algérie — conservation de plein droit (Art 32/32-3)
- Pas de CBI placeholder
- Mariage Art 21-2
- Dérogation territoriale — Mayotte (Art 2493/2495)
- Légion étrangère blessé Art 21-14-1
- Naturalisation par décret
- Citoyenneté de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (Accord de Nouméa)
- Réintégration déclaration Art 24-2
- Réintégration décret Art 24-1
- Réclamation par déclaration après perte par désuétude (Art 21-14)
- Ascendant 65+ Art 21-13-1
- Sibling Art 21-13-2
- Recueilli Art 21-12 1°/2°
- Possession Art 21-13 + Francophone Art 21-21
- Déchéance de nationalité (Art 25/25-1)
- Perte de la nationalité française (Art 23 à 23-9)
Georgia15 paths
- Acquisition by a minor adopted by a Georgian citizen — regular procedure, by grant (Art 13(2))
- Foundling / statelessness-safeguard presumption (Art 11(2)) — NO general jus soli
- Derivative acquisition by a minor of an acquirer (descent-by-application; age-14 consent gate, Art 13(1))
- Citizenship by descent (jus sanguinis) at birth — one parent a citizen (Art 10(a))
- Citizenship by descent — child born abroad to a Georgian-citizen parent (Art 10(a), declaratory)
- Naturalisation via marriage — spouse of a Georgian citizen, 5 years continuous residence (simplified, Art 14/15)
- Ordinary naturalisation — 10 years continuous lawful residence + language/history/law exam (Art 12)
- Simplified / eased naturalisation — stateless-with-status (5yr), Georgian-origin & enumerated classes (Art 12(1¹)/(2)/(3))
- Restoration / reacquisition of citizenship for a former citizen (Art 18)
- Repatriate (Meskhetian-deportee) status → simplified naturalisation (Repatriation Law 2007 + Art 14(2))
- Citizenship by way of exception — discretionary presidential grant (exceptional merit / state interests, Art 17) — DUAL-PERMITTED
- Compatriot residing abroad ('Georgian-origin') status
- Honorary citizenship of Georgia (Art 7)
- Voluntary renunciation of Georgian citizenship (Art 20(1)/25) — one of three modes of termination
- Loss of citizenship by ground (Art 21) — ground-based LOSS, NOT punitive deprivation (deprivation INADMISSIBLE, Art 3(5)/Const 32(3))
Germany21 paths
- Minor adoption by German parent under StAG section 6
- Jus soli acquisition for children born in Germany (StAG section 4(3))
- Co-naturalisation of spouse and minor children under StAG section 10(2)
- Jus sanguinis acquisition from German parent at birth
- Jus sanguinis generational-cut for children born abroad to German parents also born abroad
- Spaetaussiedler ex-lege acquisition via BVFG section 7
- Former DDR citizens treated as Germans via GG Art 116 + Einigungsvertrag Art 3
- Ostgebiete Statusdeutsche via StAG section 40a transitional
- No direct investment-based citizenship route (indirect via AufenthG section 21)
- Spouse naturalisation under StAG section 9
- Bundeswehr service + section 14/28 foreign-service loss framework
- Pre-StAR-ModG 8-year naturalisation (transitional pending applications)
- Standard 5-year naturalisation post-StAR-ModG 2024
- Art 116(2) GG direct restitution for Nazi-era victims and descendants
- StAG § 5 declaration-based restitution (2021 four-subcategory codification)
- Ministerial special-merit naturalisation under StAG section 14
- Voluntary Renunciation (§26 StAG Verzicht)
- Foreign Military Service Loss (§28 Nr.1 StAG)
- Terrorist-Combat Participation Loss (§28 Nr.2 StAG)
- Rücknahme + §35a Sperrfrist (§35 + §35a StAG)
- Derivative Child Loss (§17(2) StAG Erstreckung)
Greece44 paths
- Adoption — Minor adoption automatic
- Adoption — International (Hague 1993 framework)
- Birth — Jus soli (Generation 2 schooling pathway)
- Birth — Generation 2 declared parental commitment
- Birth — Foundling / statelessness
- Descent — Parental Greek citizenship (jus sanguinis core)
- Descent — Grandparental (multi-generational claims)
- Descent — Pre-1984 maternal-line transitional registration
- Descent — Pontian/ομογενείς (Reform Arc 2 signature)
- Descent — Northern Epirote (Vorioepirotes)
- Descent — Constantinopolitan Greeks (Lausanne minority)
- Historical — Lausanne 1923 population exchange descendants
- Historical — Junta cessation era (Reform Arc 3 anchor)
- Historical — Civil War 1946-49 ethnic-Macedonian deprivations
- Historical — 1955 Istanbul Pogrom + 1964 expulsions
- Historical — Article 19 deprivation legacy (Statelessness)
- Investor — Golden Visa Tier C 250k EUR (limited zones)
- Investor — Golden Visa Tier B 400k EUR (mid-tier zones)
- Investor — Golden Visa Tier A 800k EUR (zone-A premium)
- Investor — Capital injection alternative (Law 4605/2019)
- GR-INV-05
- Marriage — Greek-citizen spouse 3-year (with child)
- Marriage — Spouse standard residence track
- Military service — Diplomats/military families 3-year track
- Naturalization — Standard 7-year residence
- Naturalization — ομογενείς short-track
- Naturalization — Recognized refugee 7-year track
- Naturalization — Stateless 3-year expedited track
- Naturalization — Honorary (athletic / cultural distinction)
- Naturalization — Educational ties (Greek university degree)
- Naturalization — 12-year extended track (Law 4531/2018)
- Naturalization — Pontic Genocide victim descent
- Restoration — Post-Junta general restoration
- Restoration — Maternal-line transitional (pre-1984)
- Restoration — Article 19 deprivation legacy (sub-arc)
- Restoration — Holocaust descendant (2017 amendment)
- Special — Mount Athos / Άγιον Όρος monastic sui-generis (CASCADE FIRST)
- Special — Cyprus parallel framework
- Special — Northern Epirote Πιστοποιητικό Ομογενούς
- Special — Sephardic Holocaust-descendant restoration (NARROW)
- GR-SPC-05
- Cross-border — Pontian source-state coordination (RU/GE/UA/KZ)
- Cross-border — Cham Albanian cessation sub-arc (1944-1947)
- Cross-border — Israel Holocaust-descendant restoration
Grenada19 paths
- Registration of an adopted minor
- CARICOM / OECS free movement (sub-citizenship status)
- Citizenship by Birth in Grenada (jus soli)
- Birth — foundling / conditional cases
- Registration of minor children (derivative)
- Citizenship by Descent (born abroad to Grenadian parent)
- Descent — generational limit (anti-indefinite-descent)
- Descendant / grandchild registration (s.5A, SRO 68/2016)
- Citizenship by Investment — National Transformation Fund (NTF) donation
- Citizenship by Investment — Approved Real Estate
- Citizenship by Investment — Dependents framework
- Registration by Marriage to a Grenadian citizen
- Naturalisation of aliens (residence)
- Registration of Commonwealth citizens / citizens of the Republic of Ireland
- Naturalisation in special circumstances (discretionary)
- Registration as entitled person / descendant registration
- Stateless persons / ministerial discretion
- Loss of citizenship — deprivation & renunciation
- Renunciation of citizenship
Hong Kong SAR8 paths
- Declaration of change of nationality (no-dual mechanism)
- HKSAR passport eligibility (derived)
- Document of Identity for Visa Purposes (non-Chinese PRs)
- Permanent identity card (abode evidence)
- Naturalisation as a Chinese national
- Chinese nationality by descent / birth
- Restoration of Chinese nationality
- Renunciation of Chinese nationality (voluntary)
Hungary46 paths
- Preferential naturalisation of an adopted minor (and adult adoptee) — örökbefogadott kiskorú/nagykorú kedvezményes honosítása (§4(2a), §4(2))
- Citizenship by birth to a Hungarian-citizen parent (jus sanguinis at birth) — magyar állampolgárság keletkezése születéssel / leszármazással
- Foundling presumption — child of resident stateless parents born in Hungary / hontalan szülők Magyarországon született gyermeke
- Classic foundling presumption — child of unknown parentage found in Hungary / ismeretlen szülőktől származó, Magyarországon talált gyermek
- Healthcare-abandoned newborn presumption (NEW, extends foundling jus soli) — egészségügyi intézményben hagyott, ismeretlen állampolgárságú újszülött
- Rebuttable-presumption mechanics for §3(3) territorial presumptions — a területi vélelmek megdöntésének rendje
- Simplified/preferential zero-residency diaspora naturalisation via Hungarian ascendant — kedvezményes honosítás felmenő magyar állampolgársága alapján
- Diaspora naturalisation by documentary proof of ascendant's former Hungarian citizenship — származás okirati igazolása
- Diaspora naturalisation by 'probable Hungarian origin' alternative threshold — magyarországi származás valószínűsítése
- Pre-1957 maternal-line descent declaration (gap restitution by descent) — 1957. október 1. előtt magyar anyától született személy nyilatkozata
- Determination/registration of citizenship by origin for persons born abroad — származással szerzett állampolgárság megállapítása
- 1879 Act L acquisition regime (descent, legitimation, marriage, naturalisation) — 1879. évi L. törvénycikk szerzésmódjai
- Trianon nationality option and ipso-iure successor-state transfer — trianoni állampolgársági opció (1921:XXXIII / Békeszerződés 61–64. cikk)
- Trianon procedural implementation and exceptional re-naturalisation — 1922. évi XVII. törvénycikk 24. § (illetőség/opció/kivételes visszahonosítás)
- Inter-war / Horthy-era re-naturalisation and anti-Jewish citizenship exclusion — 1939:XIII visszahonosítás; 1939:IV 3. § zsidó honosítási tilalom
- Communist-era nationality acts and restitution clauses (1948:LX → 1957:V) — kommunista korszak állampolgársági törvényei
- Pre-1957 legitimation and marriage as automatic citizenship events — törvényesítés és házasság mint szerzés/vesztés (1879:L)
- Guest Investor residence permit (residence → eventual standard naturalisation; NO CBI) — vendégbefektetői tartózkodási engedély (2023:XC §§16, 22)
- Reduced 3-year naturalisation by 3-year marriage to a Hungarian citizen — házastársi kedvezményes honosítás (§4(2), 3 év)
- Zero-residency preferential naturalisation by 10-year marriage (or 5-year with common child) — kedvezményes honosítás házasság alapján (§4(3a))
- Honoris causa / merit-based exceptional naturalisation — érdemekre tekintettel történő kivételes honosítás (§4(7))
- Standard naturalisation — 8 years' continuous residence — általános honosítás (8 év, §4(1))
- Reduced 3-year naturalisation (refugee / stateless / parent of minor HU child / surviving spouse / adult adoptee) — kedvezményes honosítás 3 év (§4(2))
- Five-year naturalisation variant (born in HU / settled as minor / stateless) — kedvezményes honosítás 5 év (§4(4))
- Constitutional-basics exam compliance pathway — alkotmányos alapismeretek vizsga (§4/A)
- Constitutional-basics exam exemptions — vizsgamentesség (§4/A(2): age 60, HU-language qualification, incapacity, health)
- Discretionary re-naturalisation of former citizens — visszahonosítás (§5)
- Exceptional naturalisation / condition exemption in Hungary's important interest — kivételes honosítás és felmentés (§4(7), §6)
- Naturalisation procedure — filing, ministerial proposal, Presidential grant — honosítási eljárás (§6(1)–(2); 125/1993 §13)
- Oath/pledge and effective date of naturalisation — állampolgársági eskü / fogadalom (§7)
- Non-reviewability of naturalisation grant under ECN Art 12 reservation — honosítási döntés bírósági felülvizsgálatának kizártsága
- Declaration restitution for victims of communist-era deprivation/release — visszaszerzés nyilatkozattal (§5/A(1)(a))
- Declaration restitution for HU-territory-born persons who acquired no foreign nationality / became stateless — §5/A(1)(b) és (d)
- Trianon-era exceptional re-naturalisation of post-1914 citizenship losers — kivételes visszahonosítás (1922:XVII §24)
- Nullification of communist deprivation decisions (pre-1993 rehabilitation, absorbed into §5/A) — megfosztó határozatok semmissége (1990:XXVII/XXXII)
- Status Law six-state scope and kin-state framework — a szomszédos államokban élő magyarokról (2001:LXII §1(1))
- Magyar igazolvány / Magyar hozzátartozói igazolvány (kin-state quasi-status) — magyarigazolvány-eljárás
- Kin-state diaspora-to-citizenship channeling and Országgyűlés franchise — diaszpóra-állampolgárság és választójog (D) cikk, XXIII. cikk)
- Constitutional anchor validating ethnicity-keyed preferential naturalisation — 5/2004. (III. 2.) AB határozat
- EU citizenship value-add and Schengen status — uniós polgárság és schengeni tagság
- Bilateral good-neighbour / minority treaties underpinning the kin-state corridor — kétoldalú alapszerződések (RO/SK/UA/SI/HR)
- Statelessness recognition and treaty-grounded facilitated access — hontalanság elismerése és kedvezményes út
- Renunciation of Hungarian citizenship by declaration — lemondás (§8)
- Withdrawal of citizenship for fraudulent acquisition (20-year bar) — visszavonás (§9)
- Suspension of a dual national's citizenship (felfüggesztés, §§9/A–9/E) — 2025 reform overlay
- Automatic ex lege loss regimes and non-statelessness floor — automatikus vesztés és a hontalanság elleni védelem
Iceland46 paths
- Adoption by Icelandic citizen (under 18, adoption in Iceland)
- Adoption by IS-citizen residing abroad (sýslumaður confirmation)
- IS-ADP-FOREIGN-RECOGNITION-01
- IS-ADP-MINOR-01
- IS-ADP-SURROGACY-01
- EEA Free Movement sub-citizenship
- Nordic citizen Section 14 declaration route (Art 14 B)
- Former IS-citizen now Nordic-citizen re-acquisition (Art 14 C)
- Nordic Passport Union sub-citizenship (no nationality conferral)
- IS-BTH-01
- IS-BTH-FOUNDLING-01
- IS-BTH-STATELESS-BORN-01
- 22y consular default loss (REMAINS OPERATIVE post-2003)
- Cessation by voluntary renunciation (Art 13)
- Jus sanguinis foundational (child of Icelandic parent)
- IS-DSC-02
- Pre-1982 gender-asymmetry restoration (Section 16 transitional)
- IS-DSC-03
- Foundling presumption (child found in Iceland with unknown origin)
- Birth on IS-flagged ship/aircraft (statelessness prevention)
- IS-DSC-CHILD-OF-IS-CITIZEN-02
- Foreign-national continuous-resident declaration route (age 13-21)
- IS-DSC-DECLARATION-ROUTE-01
- Stateless/IP-protected declaration route (3-year residency)
- IS-DSC-NPU-OVERLAY-01
- IS-DSC-PRE-2018-PATERNAL-01
- Re-acquisition after loss with 2-year residency
- Re-acquisition under original §7 (transitional restoration)
- IS-DSC-RESTORATION-01
- IS-DSC-RESTORATION-PRE-1982
- IS-DSC-RESTORATION-PRE-2003-LOSS-01
- Stateless-at-birth declaration route (Art 1 a)
- IS-DSC-SURROGACY-01
- IS-DSC-VESTURISLAND-01
- General naturalization (7-year residence base)
- Nordic-citizen accelerated naturalization (4-year residence)
- Spousal naturalization (4-year joint life post-L. 40/2012)
- Cohabitation (skráð sambúð) naturalization (5-year)
- Parent-IS-citizen naturalization (2-year)
- Former IS-citizen naturalization (1-year)
- Refugee/humanitarian protection naturalization (5-year)
- Stateless-person naturalization (5-year)
- Statelessness PROTECTION track (Aliens Act §39)
- Restoration after renunciation (post-Act 9/2003 dual-citizenship enabling)
- Alþingi special-grant by Act of Parliament
- Vesturíslendingar (Western Icelander) descent recognition
India17 paths
- Citizenship by birth — unconditional jus soli (pre-1987)
- Citizenship by birth — one-parent-citizen (1987–2004)
- Citizenship by birth — two-parent / non-illegal-migrant (post-2004)
- Citizenship by descent — father (pre-1992)
- Citizenship by descent — either parent (post-1992)
- Citizenship by descent — post-2004 consulate registration + no-foreign-passport / §4(1A)
- Incorporation of territory (§7 — Goa/Pondicherry/Sikkim)
- Citizenship at commencement of the Constitution (Arts 5-8) / pre-1950 British-subject cohort
- Naturalisation — ordinary (§6 + Third Schedule, 11-in-14)
- Naturalisation — CAA §6B expedited (six communities from AF/BD/PK)
- Registration — person of Indian origin resident in India 7y
- Registration — person of Indian origin resident outside undivided India
- Registration — spouse of Indian citizen 7y
- Registration — minor child of Indian citizen
- Registration — registered-citizen parents / ex-citizen of independent India
- Registration — OCI Cardholder to citizen (§5(1)(g) bridge)
- Assam Accord special citizenship (§6A)
Ireland29 paths
- s.11 Citizenship by Adoption
- Post-2005 Conditional Jus Soli (parent 3/4y residence)
- Post-2005 Irish/Entitled-Parent Jus Soli (s.6A(2) exemption)
- Pre-2005 Unconditional Jus Soli (Historical Cohort)
- Foundling + Stateless-Child Safeguard
- Automatic Irish-Parent Descent (Gen-1)
- FBR Grandparent Descent (Gen-2 registration)
- FBR Gen-3 Registered-Before-Birth (sequential chain)
- Pre-1986 Gender-Bias Remedial Descent
- NI-Born Post-1998 Birthright Descent (Art 2 automatic)
- Pre-1956 Transitional / Saved Citizenship
- s.11A DAHR / AHR-Parentage Citizenship (donor-assisted reproduction & surrogacy)
- Irish Free State -> Republic Transition
- Pre-1986 Gender Bias Remedial (retrospective, operational)
- Pre-2005 Jus Soli Historical Cohort
- s.15A Spouse / Civil-Partner Naturalisation ('island of Ireland')
- Pre-2002 Post-Nuptial Citizenship by Declaration (CLOSED cohort)
- Military Service (Placeholder — No Active Pathway)
- s.15 Standard Naturalisation (5-in-9, 'in the State')
- s.16 Irish-Descent / Irish-Associations Discretion
- s.16(1)(g) Refugee / Stateless-Person Naturalisation Discretion
- Enacted International Protection Act 2026 (9/2026) Conforming Regime
- s.6(5) Re-acquisition After Declaration of Alienage (island-born)
- Post-Damache s.19 Revocation Framework (s.19(1A)-(1P) rebuilt procedure)
- Common Travel Area (CTA) Framework
- Northern Ireland Constitutional Entitlement (Art 2 birthright, operationalised)
- NI/Island-Born s.6(1)+s.6(2) Declaratory-Act Entitlement
- s.12 Citizenship as Token of Honour (Presidential honorary grant)
- s.21 Renunciation / Declaration of Alienage (+ s.19(1)(c) 7-year lapse)
Israel18 paths
- Adoption-based citizenship
- Born-in-Israel ius sanguinis (Art. 4)
- Palestinian-territories regime
- Pre-1948 Mandate-era ancestry (documentary-evidence pathway)
- Born-abroad ius sanguinis (Art. 4(a)(2))
- Law of Return — Jewish aliyah (signature)
- Law of Return Art. 4A — non-Jewish family extension
- Conversion-based citizenship via humanitarian community admission — Falash Mura & Bnei Menashe (Entry-into-Israel-Law admission → Orthodox conversion → §4B Law-of-Return citizenship)
- Marriage-based naturalization
- IDF regular-service exemption
- Bereaved-parent exemption
- Standard naturalization (Art. 5)
- Nationality by RESIDENCE (§3 / §3A — former Palestinian-citizen transitional cohort; principal Arab-Israeli acquisition conduit)
- Restoration after prior loss
- Stateless-child application Sec. 4A
- Zone-resident significant-act grant
- Voluntary loss — renunciation (§10) and renunciation-to-preserve-another-nationality (§10A)
- Involuntary loss — state-initiated revocation of Israeli nationality (§11 breach-of-allegiance/false-particulars, §11A criminal-court, §11(b1) PA-stipend track)
Italy35 paths
- Adoption of minor — Art 3 Legge 91/1992 (automatic)
- Adult Adoption Naturalisation (Art 9 c.1 lett.e 5y post-adoption)
- IT-AR Accordo di Cittadinanza 1971 + Protocolo Adicional 2005 (sospensione mechanism)
- IT-CH 1998 Exchange of Notes (dual-citizenship facilitation)
- Vatican Legge CXXXI/2011 Benedict XVI (contiguity sub-citizenship)
- Foundling on IT territory — Art 1 c.1 lit.b (jure soli statelessness-fallback)
- Born in Italy to foreign parents — post-18 residence-based (Art 4 c.2)
- Jure sanguinis — pre-Tajani unlimited (Legge 91/1992 Art 1 c.1 lit.a)
- Jure sanguinis — Tajani exception (b) exclusive-Italian ascendant
- Jure sanguinis — Tajani exception (c) 2-year residency-post-acquisition
- 1948 Cases — pre-1948 maternal-line descent (Trib Roma civil jurisdiction)
- Pre-1992 transmission (Legge 555/1912 historical framework)
- Jure sanguinis — Tajani exception (a) transitional (pre-2025-03-27 application)
- Tajani exception (a-bis) confirmed-appointment (Legge 74/2025 conversion addition)
- Tajani exception (b) pre-cutoff judicial action (domanda giudiziale Trib Roma civile)
- Gruber-De Gasperi 1946 Allegato IV (Trattato Pace 1947 binding — South Tyrol)
- Trieste/Istria transitional — Trattato Pace 1947 + Legge 137/1953 + Osimo 1975
- South Tyrol — Accordo Gruber-De Gasperi 1946 + Pacchetto Sudtirolese 1969
- Marriage — Art 5 (2y IT residence / 3y abroad / halved with children / B1)
- Ordinary naturalisation — 10-year residence (Art 9 c.1 lit.f)
- EU citizen fast-track — 4-year residence (Art 9 c.1 lit.d)
- Stateless/refugee fast-track — 5-year residence (Art 9 c.1 lit.e)
- Italian-born or ascendants — 3-year residence (Art 9 c.1 lit.a)
- Adoption adulti — 7-year residence (Art 9 c.1 lit.b)
- Minor collective effect — Art 14 Legge 91/1992 (parent naturalisation derivative)
- Naturalisation 2-year stranieri discendenti (Legge 74/2025 Art 9 c.1 lett.a reform)
- Reacquisition — Art 13 Legge 91/1992 (Comune declaration)
- Legge 555/1912 automatic-loss restoration — Art 17 Legge 91/1992
- Art 17 reopen window (Legge 74/2025 Art 1-ter; 01/07/2025-31/12/2027)
- High-merit — Presidential decreto motu proprio (Art 9 c.1 lit.f)
- Statelessness special — Art 1 c.1 lit.c stateless minor + Art 9 c.1 lit.e
- Perdita per richiesta (Art 11 voluntary renunciation)
- Perdita automatica Art 12 c.1 (intimazione-based foreign service/office)
- Perdita automatica bellica Art 12 c.2 (wartime + permanent reacquisition bar)
- Art 3 c.3 adoption revocation cessation (Art 13(2) permanent bar)
Japan18 paths
- Adopted child of a Japanese national (simplified naturalization)
- Birth in Japan to unknown/stateless parents (foundling)
- Child of a Japanese national (simplified naturalization)
- Citizenship by descent (jus sanguinis)
- Acquisition by acknowledgment (acknowledged children)
- Child of a former Japanese national (historical-ties simplified)
- Born-in-Japan / parent-born / 10-year reduced-residence naturalization (Art.6(ii)/(iii))
- Distinguished-merit naturalization (Diet approval)
- Spouse of a Japanese national (simplified naturalization)
- Ordinary naturalization
- Reacquisition of nationality by notification
- Former-Japanese resumption (simplified naturalization)
- Japan-born stateless person (simplified naturalization)
- Automatic loss on voluntary acquisition of a foreign nationality
- Reservation-failure retroactive loss (foreign-born duals)
- Choice-of-nationality failure → ministerial demand → loss
- Deprivation for assuming foreign public office
- Voluntary renunciation of Japanese nationality
Latvia18 paths
- Belarus-Latvia Cross-Border Citizenship Framework
- Lithuania/Estonia 1940 First Republic Bilateral Exception (Article 11(2))
- Russia-Latvia Bilateral Framework (1994 + 2022)
- Children of Non-Citizens — 1999 Partial Jus Soli
- Children of Non-Citizens — 2020 Full Jus Soli
- Standard Jus Sanguinis (Article 2(1))
- Dual Citizenship 2013 EFTA Allowlist (Article 9)
- Latvian-Origin Diaspora Allowlist Exemption
- EU Citizenship via Latvia
- LSSR Soviet-Era Non-Recognition (Historical Regime)
- Cabinet Special-Merit Grant (Article 13/17(5))
- Standard Naturalization (Article 12)
- Non-Citizen Status (Nepilsoņi)
- Non-Citizen → Latvian Citizen Conversion via Naturalization
- Non-Citizen EU Mobility (post-2004)
- Repatriation (Repatriācijas likums)
- Pre-1940 Restoration via 1991-10-15 Resolution
- Pre-1914 Residents Parallel Restoration (1992-10-28 Resolution)
Lithuania22 paths
- Citizenship by Adoption — Child Adopted by Lithuanian Citizen(s) (Article 17)
- Ius Sanguinis at Birth (Article 14)
- Foundling / Child of Unknown Parents (Article 16)
- Birth to Stateless Parents (Article 15)
- Constitutional Dual-Citizenship Saga (Art 12 / Art 148; referenda; KT line) — doctrine/status
- Pre-1940 Lithuanian Citizenship by Descent (reinstatement-eligibility client journey)
- Post-1990 Ius Sanguinis Descent
- Complex Descent with Soviet-era Interruption
- Dual-Citizenship Retention (Article 7 exceptions)
- Simplified Naturalisation for Persons of Lithuanian Descent (Article 10 - supaprastinta tvarka)
- Litvak Diaspora Reinstatement (Pre-1940 Lithuanian-Jewish Descent)
- Soviet-Deportation Victim Descendants (1941 June Deportations, 1944–1953 Priboi/Wave Deportations)
- Post-1944 DP-Camp Cohort Descendants (Perkeltieji Asmenys)
- Investment Migration Context — No CBI; Residence-by-Investment to Naturalisation Only (info/note route)
- Marriage / Spouse Naturalisation (Article 19 — Standalone)
- Standard Naturalisation (Article 18)
- Reduced-Residence Naturalisation — Stateless Person Born in Lithuania (Article 18(2))
- Reinstatement of Citizenship (Atkurimas) - the Article 9 institute / Article 38 procedure
- Restoration of Citizenship (Grazinimas) — recovery of personally-held, post-1990-lost Lithuanian citizenship
- Grant of Citizenship by Way of Exception (Article 20 — outstanding merit)
- Granting / Restoration of Citizenship Considering State Interests (Article 21-1)
- Statelessness Framework — 1989 'Zero Option', UN Conventions, and Anti-Statelessness Safeguards
Luxembourg30 paths
- Adoption — simple + full per Loi 8/3/2017 Article 11+
- Benelux Tripartite Framework — common travel, NOT citizenship-conferring
- BLEU 1921 — Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (pre-Benelux bilateral)
- Schengen 1985 founding + depositary state
- Portugal bilateral labor agreement 1970/1972
- Jus soli double — age-12 option for LU-born children of non-native parents
- Article 7 sliding window — pre-19 April N (where N = current year - 78) birth deeming
- Jus sanguinis — birth to LU national parent
- Deprivation / loss of LU nationality — Articles 25-27
- Loi 8/3/2017 OCTUPLE Amendment Arc — 8 amendments 2018-2024
- Nazi nullification doctrine — implicit Holocaust restoration via 1941/1944 declarations
- Multi-generation descent via LU ancestor
- Diaspora descent — Brazilian/American/French/Belgian/German ancestors
- Arrêté royal grand-ducal 18 novembre 1839 — Treaty of London residual nationality
- Marriage option — Article 23 (3y marriage + 1y residence)
- Loi 25/02/1967 enrôlés de force recognition — 54-year gap to 2021 WJRO for Shoah
- Standard naturalisation — Article 14 (5y residence + Sproochentest + Vivre ensemble)
- 20-year residence option — reduced LB requirement
- Voluntary military service option
- Stateless person option (1954 Convention compliance)
- Article 89 jurisprudential cohort options (4-9 of 10 total)
- Post-sunset Article 89 transitional regime + 2026-2027 appeals
- Article 89 transitional regime — 252 in-processing dossiers through 2026
- Stateless person under 1954 Convention (LU ratified 1960)
- CRC Article 7 anonymous-birth declaration
- EU CJEU citizenship doctrine application (Rottmann/Tjebbes/JY)
- Cross-border worker framework — FR/BE/DE commuters
- LU-BE cross-border framework (Province de Luxembourg + Arelerland + BLEU 1921)
- LU-DE cross-border framework (Moselle border + Gau Moselland history)
- LU-FR cross-border framework (France-Luxembourg border + Schengen tripoint)
Malta32 paths
- Adoption-derivative citizenship
- International (Hague) adoption pathway
- Birth in Malta — modified jus soli (post-Act-III/1989 qualifying parent)
- Foundling presumption (1961 Convention obligations)
- Article 7 descent registration — Commonwealth-diaspora cohort
- Maltese diaspora descendants registration (Article 7 + Act IV/2007)
- Article 14 ministerial deprivation (Ramadan-precedent proportionality)
- Article 13 voluntary renunciation
- Citizenship by descent — parent transmission (Article 5)
- Mother-line retroactive registration (Act III of 1989)
- Article 7 descent registration — 2-generation Malta-born rule + Article 3(5) live-ancestor anchor
- Marital legitimacy / Article 17(1)(a) — mother-of-record for out-of-wedlock births
- Genovese-precedent rectification cohort (post-2011 ECtHR)
- Pre-1989 mother-line discrimination cohort registration
- Pre-1989 jus-soli birth cohort registration
- Pre-2007-08-01 deceased-ancestor descent registration (Article 3(5) carve-out)
- Citizen by Merit (Act XXI of 2025 + Legal Notice 159 of 2025)
- Citizenship by marriage — Article 6 spousal pathway
- Civil-Union spouse pathway (post-Act-IX/2014)
- Same-sex marriage spouse (post-Act-XXIII/2017)
- General naturalization — Article 10 (residence + character + language + oath)
- EU long-term resident pathway (Council Directive 2003/109/EC)
- Article 10(9) discretionary services pathway (basis for Citizen by Merit)
- Refugee naturalization (International Protection Act + Article 10)
- Subsidiary protection beneficiary pathway (de-facto barriers; 0 naturalizations in 2023)
- Post-2000 dual-nationality unrestricted regime
- Stateless person facilitated naturalisation (post-2019 1954 Convention)
- Post-2000 reacquisition for pre-2000 voluntary loss
- Resumption of citizenship after voluntary renunciation
- Stateless person determination + naturalization (1954 Convention)
- 1961 Convention foundling presumption (customary practice; Convention not ratified)
- Honorary citizenship grant (rare ministerial discretion)
Mexico49 paths
- Naturalization of Adopted Minors / 2nd-Degree Descendants under Patria Potestad (Art 20 fr III — 1y)
- Adoption Anti-Statelessness Exemption (Art 20 fr I a) segundo párrafo — residence exemption)
- Germany StARModG 2024 Outbound Recognition (
- Spain Unilateral Iberoamericano Framework (CE Art 11.3 + CC Art 22.1) — NO MX-ES Bilateral Treaty
- Italian Jure Sanguinis Outbound (
- USMCA / T-MEC Sub-Citizenship Mobility (NOT pathway-to-nationality)
- USMCA-TN Professional Visa (Mexican Citizens) — sub-citizenship US-side
- Citizenship by Birth in Mexico — ABSOLUTE Jus Soli (CPEUM Art 30 A I)
- Birth Registration via Federal-Estatal Civil Registry Architecture (Acta de Nacimiento + CURP)
- Birth Registration in External Territories (Islas Marías, Revillagigedo, Isla Guadalupe)
- Floating-Territory Jus Soli — Mexican-Flagged Vessels and Aircraft (CPEUM Art 30 A IV)
- Revocación + Nulidad of Carta de Naturalización (Arts 25-26 + 32 Ley)
- Citizenship-Loss (Apartado C) Procedure — Distinct from Nationality-Loss
- Jus Sanguinis 1st-Gen — Hijos de Mexicanos por Nacimiento (CPEUM Art 30 A II — pre-2021 + post-2021)
- Jus Sanguinis via Parent by Naturalization (CPEUM Art 30 A III — added DOF 1997-03-20)
- Multi-Generational Descent (Post-2021 Reform — Unlimited Generations Diaspora)
- Documentary Recognition — Certificado de Nacionalidad Mexicana (DNN-1)
- Declaratoria de Nacionalidad Mexicana por Nacimiento (Post-1998 dual-nationals reclaim)
- CPEUM 1917 Constitution — LONGEST CONTINUOUSLY-OPERATIVE SINGLE-TEXT CONSTITUTION WORLDWIDE
- 1997 Dual-Nationality Constitutional Reform Decreto (Arts 30 + 32 + 37) + 1998 Statutory Implementation
- Art 30 5-Reform Chain (1934 + 1969 + 1974 + 1997 + 2021) — Cardenista → Gran Nación Transterritorial
- Art 37 3-Reform Chain (1934 + 1997 + 2013) — Non-Deprivation + 2013 Ejecutivo Federal Permisos
- Ley de Nacionalidad Amendment Chain (1998 → 2004 → 2005 → 2012)
- Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón) — NOT 2014
- Indigenous Originario — CPEUM Art 2 (2001 + 2024 sujetos de derecho público + LGDLPI + ILO 169 + DRIP 2007)
- ILO Convenio 169 — MX 2nd-Globally Ratifier (Cohort-FIRST Timing)
- Oaxaca Usos y Costumbres (Sistemas Normativos Indígenas) — 417-418 of 570 Municipios
- Pueblo Afromexicano (CPEUM Art 2 Apartado C — DOF 2019-08-09)
- SCJN Pleno AI Cluster — 20+ Acciones de Inconstitucionalidad on Por-Nacimiento Reservation Doctrine
- Marriage-Based Naturalization (Art 20 fr II — 2y + Cohabitation 'Vivido de Consuno')
- Concubinato (Unión Libre) Naturalization
- Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) Anchor — Duty of Citizenship, Not Route TO Citizenship
- Standard 5-year Naturalization (Ley de Nacionalidad Arts 19-21)
- Iberoamericano Accelerated 2-Year Route (Art 20 fr I c — UNILATERAL framework)
- Descent-based Naturalization — Línea Recta + Padre/Madre of Mexican-by-Birth Children (Art 20 fr I a/b — 2y)
- Distinguished Services Discretionary Naturalization (Art 20 fr I d)
- Refugee + Statelessness-Risk Naturalization Pathway
- Recovery of Mexican Nationality (Arts 16-19 Ley Nacionalidad)
- Voluntary Renuncia + Reacquisition (Art 17 Ley — Voluntary Loss Frame)
- Lebanese-Mexican Community Framework — General Naturalization Pathway
- Mennonite Privilegium Obregón 1921
- Nikkei-Mexican Community Framework — General Naturalization Pathway
- Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. USA) — ICJ 2004-03-31 Consular Protection
- 53 Consulados in USA — DENSEST BILATERAL CONSULAR NETWORK WORLDWIDE
- 37M Mexican-American Largest-Single-Corridor Diaspora Framework (kickoff §13 anchor)
- Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior (IME / IMME) — Diaspora Coordination Authority
- Matrícula Consular de Alta Seguridad (MCAS) — Diaspora ID Document
- Voto de los Mexicanos Residentes en el Extranjero (VMRE) — LARGEST EXTRATERRITORIAL VOTING SYSTEM GLOBALLY
Moldova36 paths
- Adoption by MD citizens — domestic
- Inter-country adoption by MD citizens
- MD-RO bilateral overlap — 858,913 redobândiri
- MD-UA bilateral framework + 2022 wartime refugees
- MD-RU bilateral — 1992 ceasefire + 1994 unratified withdrawal
- CIS full withdrawal — first post-Soviet state to fully denounce
- Birth in territory — jus soli backstop (stateless protection)
- Birth abroad to MD citizens — jus sanguinis (Art. 11(1)(a))
- Birth in territory to MD citizen + foreign parent
- Foundling — presumed MD citizen if found in territory
- Cessation — voluntary renunciation (Art. 17/22)
- Cessation — fraud / false statements at acquisition
- Cessation — Tănase 2010 electoral dual-citizenship overrule
- Diffuse-cessation Reform Arc — 19 waypoints 1991-2026
- Descent — multi-generational (parent line)
- Romanian-ancestry overlap pathway (MD-RO bilateral)
- Descent with MD-RO dual nationality (post-2003)
- Gagauz autonomy citizenship implications
- Gagauz no-consent veto on Law 344 amendment
- 1991 default-inclusion — zero-option (Soviet-era residents)
- Moldavian SSR continuity (1940-1991)
- Bessarabia 1918-1940 Romanian Kingdom citizenship
- Marriage to MD citizen — reduced residency (3 years)
- Marriage + descent combination
- Military service exemptions (constitutional neutrality)
- Standard naturalization — 10 years residence + language + civics
- Reduced-residence naturalization — refugees / stateless
- Recognition of citizenship (Art. 12) — descent-confirmation
- Transnistria PMR-residents — de facto MD citizens (jus soli/sanguinis)
- Ilașcu doctrinal chain — RU effective control / MD positive obligations
- Triple citizenship de facto (MD + RU + PMR)
- Restoration — Bessarabian Greater Romania citizenship descent (pre-1940)
- Restoration — pre-1991 MD citizens (post-renunciation)
- Restoration — Soviet-era forced denaturalization remedy
- Statelessness portfolio — 4-instrument framework
- Language requirement broadening Law 253/2025
Montenegro18 paths
- Acquisition via adoption
- Acquisition by international treaty / bilateral dual-citizenship
- Born/found on territory — foundling / anti-statelessness
- Child derivation on parent's acquisition
- Emigrant + 3rd-degree family admission
- Citizenship by origin — both parents citizens
- Citizenship by origin — one parent + birth/registration
- Origin — adult/late registration (born in Montenegro or resident before 18)
- Economic citizenship by investment (CLOSED)
- Naturalization by marriage
- Naturalization (ordinary admission, 10y)
- Re-acquisition (ponovno sticanje)
- Extraordinary state-interest grant (Art 12)
- Stateless-person naturalization
- Refugee naturalization
- Independence-2006 succession determination
- Ex-lege loss for a dual national (involuntary)
- Loss by release (otpust) — voluntary renunciation
Netherlands77 paths
- Hague Adoption Convention 1993 Adoption
- Foreign Adoption Recognition (non-Hague)
- Kafala (Islamic guardianship — non-recognition)
- Stepparent Adoption
- Aruba-administered Naturalization
- Aruba-administered option pathway
- BES Special Municipality Naturalization
- Jus soli stateless preventer Article 6(1)(a)
- Foundling jus soli
- Born dual-national preserved
- Curaçao-administered Naturalization
- Curaçao-administered option pathway
- Jus Sanguinis from Dutch parent
- Jus Sanguinis post-1985 mother-line
- Pre-1985 jus sanguinis transitional retroactive
- Foreign filiation recognition (paternity acknowledgment)
- Surrogacy nationality recognition
- Indonesian descendant pathway (Indo-Europese)
- Surinamese descendant pathway
- Pre-1985 transition recovery
- Women-loss-by-marriage 1892 correction
- Family co-naturalization (children)
- ECN Article 6+7 substantive obligations pathway
- Indo-Europese ethnic-heritage cohort recognition
- Diaspora retention via embassy renewal (Article 15(1)(c) avoidance)
- Voting rights for NL-citizens abroad
- Spouse 3-year Naturalization (Article 8(1)(b))
- Same-Sex Marriage Pathway
- Registered Partnership Pathway
- Polygamous Marriage (non-recognition)
- Military service framework + foreign-military-service consequences
- Voluntary foreign military service triggering loss
- General Naturalization (Article 7) — 5y residence + integration A2
- Refugee Naturalization (Article 8)
- Stateless Naturalization (Article 8 reduced)
- Pending Statelessness Determination Procedure
- Subsidiary Protection Naturalization
- EU Long-Term Resident Pathway
- EU Free Movement Pathway
- Family Co-Naturalization
- Article 6(1)(a) — birth in NL + 3y residence (stateless)
- Article 6(1)(b) — partner + 3y residence
- Article 6(1)(c) — Antillean recognition (post-2010)
- Article 6(1)(d) — former Dutch + 1y residence
- Article 6(1)(e) — special status options
- Article 6(1)(f) — recognition cohort
- Article 6(1)(g) — special status options
- Article 6(1)(h) — special status options
- Article 6(1)(i) — minor of recognised refugee
- Article 6(1)(j) — recognition under Slotwet (Antillean residual cohort)
- Article 6(1)(k) — surviving partner of deceased Dutch
- Article 6(1)(l) — minor under joint authority with Dutch parent
- Article 6(1)(m) — adult acquired under joint authority pre-majority
- Article 6(1)(n) — stateless minor under Dutch authority
- Article 6(1)(o) — adopted child special case
- Article 6(1)(p) — Tjebbes Article 15 restoration (Rijkswet 35 859 R2157, EIF 2022-04-01)
- Article 6(1)(q) — Wet vaststellingsprocedure (Wet 35687, EIF 2023-10-01)
- Article 28 RWN Holocaust Restoration
- Indonesian Cohort Restoration
- Surinamese Cohort Restoration
- Pre-1985 Loss Recovery (Article 28)
- Moluks-Indo Cohort
- Spijtoptanten (regret-opters) recognition
- Sephardic descendant pathway (Article 28 general restoration only)
- WUV-recognized victim status restoration
- Pre-1964 women-loss-by-marriage CEDAW retrofit correction
- Loss by Foreign Acquisition (Article 15(1)(a))
- Loss by 10-year residence abroad (Article 15(1)(c)) — Tjebbes case
- Terror revocation (Article 14(2)) — post-2017 expansion
- Voluntary renunciation (Article 16)
- Naturalization by Royal Decree (Article 10) — exceptional
- Surinaamse Gemeenschap recognition (community status)
- Administrative appeal pathway
- Diffuse cessation framework (multi-instrument)
- Minor voluntary acquisition of foreign nationality
- Sint Maarten-administered Naturalization
- Sint Maarten-administered option pathway
New Zealand26 paths
- Hague 1993 + Bilateral Adoption (§13 + §19E Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Birth — Parent NZ Citizen or PR (§6(1)(a) Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Birth — 10y Ordinary Residence (§6(1)(b) Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Birth — External Territory (Cook Islands/Niue/Tokelau/Ross Dependency)
- Foundling/Abandoned Children — Birth on NZ Ship/Aircraft (§14 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Indigenous Birthright — Wai 3513 Tikanga Pathway (Tribunal recommendation; Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840)
- Citizenship by Descent — NZ-citizen Parent (§7 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Descent — By-Descent Parent (one-generation limit since 2006)
- Adoption Acquisition (§13 + §19E Citizenship Act 1977)
- Māori Descent — Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840 + Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975
- Marriage Pathway — Ministerial Discretion (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- NZDF Overseas Service Descent Transmission (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — General Residence (§8 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Spousal Pathway (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Incapacity Special Case (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Age/Impairment Special Case (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Application by/for Minor (§8 + §10 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Descent from Former NZ Citizen (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Citizenship by Grant — Statelessness Reduction (§9 Citizenship Act 1977 + 1961 Convention)
- Citizenship by Grant — Special Residence (Academics/Religion/Defence) (§9 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Voluntary Renunciation (§15 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Cessation General Framework (§16-§17 Citizenship Act 1977)
- NZ §15-§17 Cessation Framework — Court-Ordered Post-Repudiation (NZ Bill of Rights §18(2) → 2023)
- Resumption of NZ Citizenship (§10 Citizenship Act 1977)
- Indigenous Sui Generis — Wai 3513 Tikanga Pathway (Tribunal recommendation 2025; UNDRIP-aligned)
- Realm of NZ External Territories — Cook Islands / Niue / Tokelau / Ross Dependency (§29 Citizenship Act 1977)
Norway31 paths
- 17 adoption derivative (automatic for minors)
- Nordic Citizenship Agreement 2010-09-13 (EIF 2012-09-05)
- EEA Agreement 1994 + 14 pathway
- Jus sanguinis at birth (Statsborgerloven 4)
- Foundling presumption (4(2)/5)
- Stateless-born pathway (16 cross-listed SPC)
- 23 voluntary renunciation (oppgivelse)
- 24 fraud revocation (HR-2025-260-A 26(4) proportionality)
- 26 national security revocation
- 26 a national-security revocation (2018+)
- 26 b national-security revocation (2020+)
- Born-abroad descent (Foreldreprinsippet)
- 22-yr-loss-without-bibehold (24 Tap ved fravaer)
- ECN 22(b) DUAL-TIER age 28/33 declaration (CASCADE-FIRST)
- 22a re-acquisition (Kapittel 4 A, restoration post-2020)
- Sami sui-generis 4-LAYER NULL ARCHITECTURE (ILO-169 first ratifier 1990)
- Kven 2nd-minority recognition NULL (linguistic, not citizenship)
- 12 spousal 5+7 (post-2020-12-01, VC-NO-E2-001)
- 12(3) deceased Norwegian spouse
- 7 standard naturalization 8/11-yr (post-2022)
- 10 NEW sufficient-income reduction 6/10-yr (CASCADE-FIRST)
- 9 refugee reduced residence
- 16 stateless reduced (SPC cross-listed)
- 14 EEA/EFTA waiver (3-yr permanent-residence-equivalent)
- 20 Nordic notification 7-yr (PRESERVED post-2020 CASCADE-FIRST vs SE)
- 22a restoration (Kapittel 4 A)
- Pre-1979 women restoration (transitional)
- 25 former-citizen restoration
- Statelessness reduction framework (16 + 18 + 1954/1961 Conventions)
- Svalbard Treaty 1920 (48 parties) NULL sovereignty-yes/citizenship-no
- Extraterritorial transmission (Norwegians abroad)
Panama12 paths
- Adoption before age 7 by Panamanian nationals
- Jus soli — birth in national territory
- Canal Zone birth 1904-1979 (dual-claim jus soli)
- Descent — child of Panamanian-by-birth parent, born abroad
- Descent — child of naturalized Panamanian parent, born abroad
- Ordinary naturalization (5-year residence)
- Naturalization — spouse or parent of a Panamanian (3-year)
- Naturalization — Spanish / Latin-American reciprocity
- Nationality-decision appeal / amparo
- Recovery / rehabilitation of nationality
- Statelessness safeguard
- ACHR Art 20 right-to-nationality (framework)
Philippines21 paths
- Foundling — presumed natural-born
- Derivative citizenship of minor children (RA 9225 §4)
- Citizenship by descent — Filipino parent (jus sanguinis)
- Descent under the 1935 Constitution (Filipino father)
- Election of Philippine citizenship
- American-period / Commonwealth nationality (historical)
- LOI 270 decree naturalization (Marcos era, historical)
- Derivative naturalization of alien spouse of a Filipino (CA 473 §15)
- Judicial naturalization (CA 473)
- Administrative naturalization (RA 9139)
- Legislative naturalization (special act of Congress)
- Retention & re-acquisition of natural-born citizenship (RA 9225)
- Recognition of Philippine citizenship (Bureau of Immigration)
- Repatriation under RA 8171
- Repatriation by armed-forces service (RA 2630 / RA 965)
- Reacquisition under Commonwealth Act 63
- Stateless persons / refugee safeguards & naturalization
- Denaturalization / cancellation of naturalization for fraud
- Automatic loss (foreign naturalization / oath / foreign military service)
- Historical loss by marriage (pre-1973 Filipina to alien)
- Express renunciation of Philippine citizenship
Poland27 paths
- Minor citizenship via full adoption by Polish parent
- Polish-Israeli no-bilateral + Art. 3 dual permission
- Polish-Ukrainian 5-instrument bilateral framework
- Polish-Belarusian post-2020 framework + Karta Polaka
- Ius sanguinis - birth to Polish parent (at home or abroad)
- Ius soli for foundlings + stateless-child protection
- Citizenship confirmation via paternal descent (pre-1951 or ius-patre chain)
- Citizenship confirmation via maternal descent (post-1951)
- Citizenship confirmation via Bug/Kresy repatriate ancestor
- Polish-Jewish corridor — Art. 14 + Art. 55-58 + Uchwala 5/58
- Karta Polaka extraterritorial -> Art. 30 ust. 1 pkt 7 progression
- 1968 March events retroactive restoration via Uchwala 5/58
- Signature route - Jewish diaspora (1968 March events + pre-war emigration)
- Silesian / German-minority / Kashubian / Lemko autochthonous descent
- Uznanie - spouse of Polish citizen (3y marriage + 2y residence)
- Uznanie za obywatela polskiego (Wojewoda recognition - standard residence)
- Nadanie obywatelstwa polskiego (Presidential grant)
- Uznanie - refugee / stateless accelerated (reduced residence)
- Uznanie deep — 7 sub-categories Art. 30 ust. 1 pkt 1-7
- Refugee/Stateless Specialized Track — Art. 30 ust. 1 pkt 2 lit. b + pkt 3
- Przywrocenie deep — Art. 38-45 reacquisition
- Repatriacja (2000 Act) - Polish-origin descendants in Asian former-USSR republics
- Przywrocenie obywatelstwa polskiego (restoration for pre-1999 losers)
- Karta Polaka to permanent residence to Uznanie pathway
- Special-merit Nadanie (sport, culture, science, economic contribution)
- Karta Polaka — Kin-State Quasi-Citizenship Procedural Framework
- Cessation — Art. 46 voluntary + historical PRL context
Portugal35 paths
- Adoption by Portuguese national — mediante declaração (Art 5) [RESTRUCTURED W7]
- Adoption by declaration — pre-1981 historical route (Art 29 former code) [SUPERSEDED]
- Conditional jus soli — 5-year parental legal residence (Art 1(1)(f))
- Conditional jus soli — 1-year parental residence any title, opt-out [CLOSED W5]
- Third-generation jus soli — parent also born in Portugal (Art 1(1)(e))
- Statelessness-prevention jus soli — otherwise stateless (Art 1(1)(g))
- Foundling presumption — rebuttable presumption of birth in Portugal (Art 1(2))
- Jus sanguinis — child of Portuguese national (Art 1(1)(a)-(c))
- Jus sanguinis grandchild — neto attribution (Art 1(1)(d), Art 1(3)) [TIGHTENED W7]
- Neto naturalisation — old Art 6(4) track [SUPERSEDED by LO 9/2015]
- Bisneto naturalisation with dispensation — great-grandchild, 5-year residence (Art 6 n.8) [NEW W7]
- Sephardic descent naturalisation (former Art 6 n.7) — CLOSED by LO 1/2026
- PALOP decolonisation retention / descent (DL 308-A/75)
- Antigo Estado da Índia (Goa / Daman / Diu) retention by declaration
- Macau pre-handover connection (jus soli pre-1981 / jus sanguinis 1981-1999)
- East Timor retention / restoration (DL 308-A/75 NOT applied)
- ARI / Golden Visa (RESIDENCE, not citizenship)
- Nationality via marriage to Portuguese citizen (Art 3 n.1)
- Nationality via união de facto with Portuguese citizen (Art 3 n.3)
- Ordinary naturalisation — CPLP / EU nationals (7-year track) (Art 6 n.1)
- Ordinary naturalisation — transitional (pending applications, 5-year rule preserved)
- Ordinary naturalisation — other nationals (10-year track) (Art 6 n.1)
- Naturalisation — stateless persons (Art 6 n.3, 4-year residence)
- Naturalisation — minors in state care (Art 6 n.4)
- Minor naturalisation — born in PT, parent 5-year residence (Art 6 n.2)
- Naturalisation — former nationals (Art 6 n.6)
- Naturalisation — relevant services to the State (Art 6 n.9)
- Nationality consolidation — 10-year bona-fide protection (Art 12-B)
- Nationality consolidation — 6-year bona-fide protection (Art 12-B) [W5-W6 CLOSED]
- Reacquisition of nationality — voluntary (Art 4)
- Restoration — women who lost nationality via marriage to foreigner (pre-1981, Arts 30/31)
- PT-Brazil Estatuto de Igualdade de Direitos e Deveres (STATUS, not nationality)
- Loss of nationality — voluntary renunciation only (Art 8)
- Opposition to acquisition (oposição) — control layer (Art 9, Art 10)
- Suspension of proceedings for UN/EU-sanctioned applicants (Art 13) — REVOKED
Romania19 paths
- Adoption by RO citizens (minor)
- Foundling on RO territory - conditional anti-statelessness (Art 5(3))
- Jus sanguinis at birth - child of RO citizen
- Article 11 restoration - Bessarabia/Moldova & territorial-loss diaspora (SIGNATURE)
- General reacquisition of lost citizenship (Article 10, grade II)
- Investor residence-then-naturalisation (no CBI)
- Marriage-based naturalisation - spouse of RO citizen (Art 8(1)(a), 5y)
- Ordinary naturalisation (8-year residence)
- Reduced residence - recognised refugee (Art 8(3), up to 3y reduction)
- Reduced residence - EU/EEA/Swiss or born-in-RO (Art 8(2), up to 3y)
- Restoration of Jewish-origin ancestral citizenship (Art 11 / Art 10, ethnically neutral)
- Restoration for Transylvanian Saxon/Swabian-descended applicants (Art 10 / Art 11, neutral)
- Restoration for Transylvanian Hungarian-descended applicants (Art 10 / Art 11, neutral)
- Contribution to Romanian culture/civilisation/spirituality (Art 8^1)
- Sport - outstanding sporting performance (Art 8^2)
- Statelessness pathway - ordinary naturalisation + priority (Art 8 + Art 19^1)
- Loss on annulment of established filiation (Art 30^1, NEW L14/2025)
- Withdrawal of citizenship (retragere, Art 25)
- Renunciation of citizenship (renuntare, Art 27)
Saint Kitts and Nevis18 paths
- Citizenship by Adoption
- CARICOM/OECS free movement (sub-citizenship)
- Citizenship by Birth in St Kitts & Nevis (jus soli)
- Jus-soli exceptions & foundling
- Derivative minor registration
- Citizenship by Descent
- Descent generational scope (one-generation effect)
- CBI — Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) donation
- CBI — Approved Real Estate investment
- CBI — Public Benefit Option (PBO)
- Spouse registration (marriage to citizen)
- Naturalisation (ordinary)
- Commonwealth/British citizen registration
- CARICOM national registration (no reduced-residence track)
- Registration entitlements (general)
- Stateless person registration (entitlement)
- Renunciation (voluntary)
- Deprivation / revocation (incl. CBI revocation)
Saint Lucia18 paths
- Citizenship on adoption (minor)
- CARICOM/CSME + OECS free movement (sub-citizenship status)
- Citizenship by Birth in Saint Lucia (jus soli)
- Registration of minor children (derivative / vulnerable minors)
- Citizenship by Descent (parent line)
- Descent via grandparent (2nd/3rd generation) — Act No. 7 of 2024
- Citizenship by Investment — National Economic Fund (NEF) donation
- Citizenship by Investment — Approved Real Estate (off-plan reg 10 + built reg 10A)
- Citizenship by Investment — Dependents framework
- Citizenship by Investment — National Action Bond (Government bonds)
- Citizenship by Investment — Approved Enterprise Project (3 options)
- Registration by Marriage to a Saint Lucia citizen
- Naturalisation of aliens (residence)
- Registration of Commonwealth citizens (7-year residence)
- Registration entitlements (former citizens, derivative spouses, minors)
- Stateless persons / ministerial discretion
- Renunciation of citizenship
- Deprivation of citizenship
Serbia26 paths
- RS-BiH bilateral track — Dual Citizenship Agreement; reduced fee 7,270 RSD
- RS-ME bilateral — succession + transition (post 3 June 2006)
- RS-MK bilateral — verification pending
- Multilateral — Vienna Succession Agreement 2001
- Descent — both parents RS citizens at birth (Art 7(1))
- Descent — one RS parent + RS territorial birth (Art 7(2))
- Descent — one RS parent + foreign birth (Art 8)
- Late-registration descent before age 23 (Art 10)
- Ethnic Serbian non-resident — IMA PRAVO (Art 23(1))
- Srbi u regionu — regional kin-minority framework
- Vojvodina administrative facilitation — NO citizenship vesting
- Kosovo
- North Kosovo municipalities — UNMIK continuity (UNSCR 1244)
- Vojvodina-residence facilitation — national minority procedural
- Marriage naturalization — 3y marriage + permanent residence (Art 17)
- Standard naturalization — 3y continuous permanent residence (Art 14)
- Territorial-birth shortcut — 2y residence instead of 3y (Art 15)
- Discretionary special-interest naturalization — Vlada Rešenje (Art 19)
- Refugee/displaced — preferential 580 RSD fee track
- Iseljenik + descendant — UNRESTRICTED degree-of-kinship (Art 18)
- Restoration via successive-state inheritance (Art 52 + FRY/SaM continuity)
- Refugee/displaced from former-SFRJ republic (Art 23(2))
- Former FRY citizens — automatic continuity (Art 51 + FRY 1996 Art 46)
- Statelessness — acquisition at birth (Art 13)
- Statelessness — 1954+1961 Convention framework + ETS 200 gap
- Birth on RS territory — statelessness safeguard (Art 13)
Singapore18 paths
- Citizenship by birth (conditional jus soli)
- Derivative — minor child following parent's registration/naturalisation
- Commonwealth citizen status (status, not acquisition)
- Deprivation — fraud / false representation / mistake (registered & naturalised)
- Deprivation — disloyalty / wartime / serious conviction
- Deprivation — acquisition of foreign citizenship (no-dual)
- Deprivation — exercise of foreign rights / foreign passport / 10-yr residence abroad
- Deprivation / cancellation affecting child of person losing citizenship
- Citizenship by descent (post-2004, either parent)
- Citizenship by descent (pre-2004, patrilineal — transitional)
- Descent retention / dual-citizenship election at age 21-22
- Citizenship by registration via marriage (spouse of citizen)
- Citizenship by naturalisation
- Citizenship by registration (general, resident adult)
- Registration of minors
- Certificate of citizenship in cases of doubt
- Statelessness / foundling — domestic registration discretion
- Renunciation of citizenship (voluntary loss)
Slovakia22 paths
- International Adoption — §6 Osvojenie
- Citizenship by Birth — Jus Sanguinis (§5 Act 40/1993 Z.z.)
- Foundling — Statelessness Avoidance (§5 Act 40/1993)
- Birth — Determination of Paternity (§7 Act 40/1993)
- Hungarian-Minority Bilateral Receiver-Side (Status Law + Act 250/2010 + Act 72/2022)
- Holocaust Restitution Coordination (SK-IL Bilateral Practice)
- Vojvodina Slovaks (Slovaks Living Abroad — Serbia)
- Descent Restoration — 3 Generations (§7(2)(j) Act 72/2022)
- Holocaust / Wartime Slovak State Cohort Restoration (§7(2)(j) + Czechoslovak Continuity)
- 1928 USA-CS Naturalization Convention Cohort (§7 ods.4)
- Spouse Pathway — 5y Shared Household in SK (§7(2)(a))
- Standard Naturalization — 8y Permanent Residence (§7(1) + §8)
- Reduced-Residency — Spouse, Stateless, Refugee, Significant Contribution
- EU Citizen Reduced Pathway (§7 + Directive 2004/38/EC)
- Slovaks Living Abroad Reduced Pathway (§7(3) + Act 474/2005)
- Post-2010 Act 250/2010 Loss Cohort Restoration (§7(7) Retrospective)
- Asylum / Refugee Reduced-Residency (§7(2)(e) + Act 480/2002)
- Stateless Person Reduction (§7(2)(h) + 1961 UN Convention)
- Significant-Contribution / Merit Pathway (§7(2)(b))
- Voluntary Loss / Renunciation (§9 pre-2010 / current)
- Loss for Serious Threat to State (§9 narrow)
- 2024 Bilateral Treaty Withdrawals (1961 SK-HU + 1980 USSR-CSSR)
Slovenia47 paths
- SI-HR bilateral framework — minority + border + dual-citizenship MoUs
- SI-BA bilateral — refugee return + diaspora pathway
- SI-RS bilateral — SFRY-residents citizenship transition
- SI-IT bilateral — Italian minority + Osimo Treaty inheritance
- SI-HU bilateral — Hungarian minority framework 1992
- Acquisition by descent — at least one Slovenian-citizen parent at birth
- Foundling acquisition (unknown parents) on Slovenian territory
- Stateless child resident in Slovenia acquisition
- Derivative acquisition by minor when parents naturalise
- Voluntary renunciation (Article 25 ZDRS)
- Cessation by acquisition of foreign citizenship (Article 18 ZDRS)
- Revocation for fraud / state-security (Articles 26-28 ZDRS)
- Slovenes abroad — descent reactivation up to fourth degree (Article 12 ZDRS + ZORSSZNM)
- Child born abroad to one SI parent — registration before age 18
- Status Slovenca brez državljanstva — kin-state recognition without citizenship (ZORSSZNM Part VI)
- Adoption-based acquisition (full adoption by SI citizen parents)
- EU Long-Term Residence Directive 2003/109/EC implementation via ZTuj-2
- EU Citizenship Article 20 TFEU derivative rights (Zambrano-type)
- Free Movement Directive 2004/38/EC family-reunion pathway
- Family Reunification Directive 2003/86/EC implementation
- IZBRISANI primary class — 1992 administrative erasure (~25,671 affected)
- ZUSDDD-A original IZBRISANI restoration (1999, capped 59/229 success)
- ZUSDDD-B expanded IZBRISANI restoration (2010, 237/1899 success)
- ZPŠOIRSP compensation — TERMINAL CLOSURE 2017-06-18 (only ECtHR pathway post)
- Marriage to SI citizen — 3 years marriage + 1 year residence (Article 12(2) ZDRS)
- Registered civil-partnership equivalence (post-2017 ZDRS-E)
- Italian autochthonous minority — Article 64 URS framework
- Hungarian autochthonous minority — Article 64 URS framework
- Italian-minority bilateral framework — Osimo Treaty 1975 successor
- Hungarian-minority bilateral framework — SI-HU 1992 treaty
- Roma community framework — Article 65 URS (DISTINCT from Article 64)
- General naturalisation — 10 years continuous residence (Article 10 ZDRS)
- Extraordinary naturalisation — national interest (Article 13 ZDRS)
- Naturalisation of recognized refugee — 5 years residence (Article 12 ZDRS)
- Naturalisation of stateless person — 5 years residence (Article 12 ZDRS)
- Born-in-SI continuous-residence naturalisation (Article 12 ZDRS)
- Cultural-economic merit naturalisation (Article 13(2) ZDRS — extraordinary subset)
- Article 40 ZDRS transitional 1991-1995 (Yugoslav-citizen residents)
- Article 48 ZDRS-UPB2 — later restoration (post-1995 windows)
- Restoration after voluntary loss — former SI citizen (Article 12(2) RST)
- Pre-1991 women restoration (lost-by-marriage redress)
- SFRY 1976 Citizenship Act → ZDRS 1991 transitional architecture
- Pre-1976 SFRY citizenship antecedents (1945 DFJ + 1946 FLRJ)
- Kingdom-of-Yugoslavia 1928 antecedent (interwar W2)
- Statelessness reduction via Article 9 ZDRS (resident stateless child)
- Foundling under Article 8 ZDRS
- Stateless adult naturalisation (Article 12(2) SPC variant)
South Africa13 paths
- Citizenship by Birth — born in or outside RSA to a SA-citizen parent (s2(1)(b))
- Citizenship by Birth — statelessness safeguard for child born in RSA (s2(2))
- Citizenship by Birth — born in RSA to permanent-resident parents, resident to majority (s2(3))
- Citizenship by Descent — child adopted by a SA citizen (s3)
- Construction of former-states citizenship references — s26A (Act 69 of 1997)
- Naturalisation — ordinary (s5: 5 years' continuous ordinary residence)
- Naturalisation — spouse of a SA citizen (s5(5))
- Naturalisation — minor child (s5(4))
- Naturalisation — exceptional circumstances / national interest (Ministerial, s5(9))
- Naturalisation — deferred claim at majority, RSA-born child of non-citizen/non-PR parents (s4(3))
- Resumption of South African citizenship (s13)
- Reinstatement of the s6(1)(a) 'deemed never lost' cohort + DHA portal (post-2025)
- Voluntary renunciation of citizenship (s7)
South Korea23 paths
- Adult Adoptee Simplified Naturalization
- Minor Adoptee Special Naturalization
- Intercountry-Adoptee Restoration with Dual Nationality
- Statelessness-at-Birth Safeguard (parents unknown/stateless, born in ROK)
- Foundling Presumption (기아 found in ROK)
- Accompanying/Concurrent Acquisition by Minor Child (수반취득)
- Accompanying Acquisition on Parental Restoration
- Determination of Nationality (국적판정, §20 — declaratory)
- Citizenship by Descent at Birth (bilineal jus sanguinis)
- Acquisition by Acknowledgment (인지) of a Korean Parent
- Nationality Choice Obligation & Limited Dual Nationality (복수국적)
- North-Korean Nationals as ROK Citizens (Constitution Art.3 + 96누1221)
- Sakhalin Koreans Permanent-Return Support (국적회복 pathway)
- Marriage-Based Naturalization (배우자 간이귀화)
- Marriage Naturalization — Post-Dissolution Discretionary
- General Naturalization (일반귀화)
- Simplified/Facilitated Naturalization (간이귀화 — Korean-connection)
- Restoration of Nationality (국적회복) — core
- Restoration with Limited Dual Nationality (senior 65+ returnee)
- Reacquisition by Report (국적의 재취득)
- Special Naturalization — Korean Parent (특별귀화)
- Special Naturalization — Distinguished Service (특별공로)
- Special Naturalization — Excellent Talent (우수인재)
Spain32 paths
- Adoption by Spanish national — minor foreign adoptee
- Adoption — adopted-as-major 2-year residence opción (Art 20.1.b CC + Art 19.2)
- Nationality by origin — parent born in Spain (double ius soli)
- Nationality by origin — statelessness prevention
- Nationality by origin — foundlings
- Nationality by residence — 1 year, born in Spanish territory
- Option — patria potestad of a Spaniard
- Option — parent originally Spanish and born in Spain
- Option — late filiation / post-adoption
- Carry-over Bilateral Nationality — Guinea Ecuatorial (post-1968 independence framework + 1980 Cooperación)
- Carry-over Bilateral Nationality — Portugal (CE Art 11.3 statutory-only, NO bilateral convenio)
- Carry-over Bilateral Nationality — Sefardíes (Ley 12/2015 post-sunset descendant-rights via Art 17.1.a transmission)
- Carry-over Bilateral Nationality — FRANCE (Convenio Montauban 2022) NEW 7th régimen Art 24.2 CC — first ampliación in 43 years since Colombia 1979
- Nationality by origin — Spanish parent at birth (ius sanguinis)
- Descent opción by ES-origin descendant (Art 17.3 + Art 20.1.b CC)
- Sephardic Ley 12/2015
- Memoria Democrática Ley 20/2022
- Memoria Histórica Ley 52/2007
- Carta de Naturaleza (Art 21.1 CC)
- Nationality by residence — 1-year spouse/widow
- International Brigades legacy
- Nationality by residence — 10-year standard
- Nationality by residence — 5-year refugee status
- Nationality by residence — 2-year Ibero-American fast-track
- Recovery of Spanish nationality (Art 26 CC)
- Memoria Democrática Disp Add 8ª Ley 20/2022 — CLOSED 22/10/2025 with Instrucción DGSJFP 5/11/2024 appointment-preservation
- Possession and use (Art 18 CC)
- Cessation — voluntary acquisition of foreign nationality (Art 24.1 CC + 7-régimen Art 24.2 carve-out)
- Cessation — 3-year declaración pathway / exclusive foreign use (Art 24.3 CC)
- Cessation — sanción-revocation for non-originarios (Art 25.1 CC + CE Art 11.2 absolute bar for born-Spanish)
- Cessation precondition — renuncia + jura/promesa + Registro Civil inscription (Art 23.b CC)
- Cessation — nulidad por falsedad/fraude (Art 25.2 CC) — 15-year Ministerio Fiscal civil-track action NEW v5
Sweden53 paths
- Adoption automatic acquisition (under 12)
- Adoption over-12 application pathway
- International Hague-1993 Convention adoption
- Foundling presumption
- Stateless-born child via anmälan
- EU Article 20 TFEU derivative rights (Zambrano)
- Tjebbes proportionality applied to §14
- Lounes-style dual-EU-cit retention
- Nordic Citizenship Agreement bilateral framework
- ECN obligations + SE Article 22(b) declaration
- Child declaration with 3-year residence
- Child declaration 2-year residence (stateless)
- Young-adult anmälan ages 18-20
- Children acquire when parent naturalizes
- Descent automatic at birth (post-1979)
- Pre-1979 mother-line restoration cohort
- Pre-1979 unmarried-father descent
- Decision-includes-minor-children clause
- Migrationsverket denial appeal pathway
- Migrationsöverdomstolen MIG-precedent application
- JO + JK Ombudsman opinions
- Estonian-Swedes (estlandssvenskar) — DEMOTED
- Sweden-Norway 1905 union dissolution
- New Sweden colony 1638-1655 (Delaware)
- Cabo Corso 1650-1663 (Cape Coast Castle, Ghana)
- Saint-Barthélemy 1784-1878 (1878 cession to France)
- Wismar Westphalian-cession context (1648-1903)
- Voluntary release §15 (befrielse)
- Befrielse of child barnets bästa (NEW SFS 2024:423)
- Recall of erroneous befrielse (NEW SFS 2024:423)
- Automatic loss at 22 §14 + ECN Article 22(b) age=30
- Loss disapplication Nordic §17
- Security-grounds cessation (POST-2026 + SOU 2026:21 contingent)
- §14(2) retention as Tjebbes built-in safeguard
- Nordic anmälan after 5y (CURRENT — being abolished)
- Nordic 2y reduced naturalization (POST-2026)
- Nordic PUT-waiver §20
- Nordic loss-disapplication §17 (7y hemvist)
- Standard naturalization 8y (current since 2026-06-06)
- Self-sufficiency requirement variant (POST-2026)
- Civics test requirement (POST-2026; operational 2026-08)
- Language test (POST-2026; operational 2027-10-01)
- Refugee/spouse reduced naturalization (7y POST-2026)
- Stateless reduced naturalization (5y POST-2026)
- Income-support disqualification rule (POST-2026)
- Conduct/security tightening (POST-2026)
- Pending application transition rule (decision-date governs; 100k+ affected)
- Pre-1979 women lost-by-marriage restoration
- Pre-2001 dual-nat restoration
- Spousal/Sambo dispensation §12
- Same-sex marriage spousal pathway (post-2009)
- Stateless-born §6 anmälan
- Adult stateless reduced naturalization
Switzerland33 paths
- Erwerb durch Adoption (acquisition by adoption of a minor by a Swiss citizen, BüG Art 4)
- EU-Switzerland Free Movement of Persons Agreement (FZA/AFMP, SR 0.142.112.681)
- Schengen Association Agreement (CELEX 22008A0227(03))
- Dublin Association Agreement (Bilaterals II)
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM, CETS 157) — minority protection, no nationality route
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML, CETS 148) — language protection + naturalisation-language context
- Switzerland-Liechtenstein Customs Union Treaty 1923 (Zollvertrag, SR 0.631.112.514)
- Switzerland-Liechtenstein Currency Treaty 1980 (Währungsvertrag, SR 0.951.951.4)
- Erwerb von Geburts wegen / jus sanguinis at birth (BüG Art 1(1))
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung eines staatenlosen minderjährigen Kindes (BüG Art 23)
- Foundling / Findelkind (BüG Art 3)
- Nichtigerklärung — annulment of naturalisation (BüG Art 36)
- Entzug — withdrawal of citizenship from a dual citizen (BüG Art 42; DUAL-CITIZEN ONLY)
- Entlassung — voluntary release from citizenship (BüG Art 37-41)
- Feststellung des Schweizer Bürgerrechts — citizenship-status determination on doubt (BüG Art 43)
- Multi-generational jus-sanguinis descent transmission (BüG Art 1 + Art 2 cascade)
- Kantons-/Gemeindebürgerrecht (Heimatort) transmission + Art 24 child-of-naturalised facilitation (BüG Art 2 + Art 24)
- Auslandschweizer descent + age-25 forfeiture (BüG Art 7) — extraterritorial transmission
- Bern/Jura cantonal-boundary transition — Moutier BE→JU (in force 2026-01-01; RSJU 141.11)
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung des ausländischen Ehegatten (facilitated naturalisation of Swiss spouse, BüG Art 21)
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung der eingetragenen Partnerschaft (facilitated naturalisation of registered partner, BüG Art 10)
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung bei gutgläubigem Bürgerrechtsbesitz (mistaken-belief facilitation, BüG Art 22)
- Military/security-related withdrawal operationalisation (BüV Art 30 implementing BüG Art 42) + Wehrpflicht context (BV Art 59)
- Ordentliche Einbürgerung (ordinary naturalisation, 10y federal + tri-level, BüG Art 9-18)
- Ordentliche Einbürgerung — abroad/cross-border applicant track (BüG Art 9-18 via Swiss representation)
- Auslandschweizer registration framework (ASG SR 195.1 Art 11; Auslandschweizerregister)
- Auslandschweizer federal political rights / voting (ASG Art 16-18; BV Art 40)
- Auslandschweizer descent transmission + age-25 retention (BüG Art 7; ASG register-confirmation)
- Wiedereinbürgerung — restoration after loss (BüG Art 26-29)
- Post-loss restoration for Auslandschweizer / forfeiture cohort (BüG Art 26-29 abroad track)
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung 3. Generation (facilitated naturalisation of 3rd-generation foreigners, BüG Art 24a)
- Erleichterte Einbürgerung staatenloses Kind (facilitated naturalisation of a stateless minor child, BüG Art 23)
- Anerkannte nationale Minderheiten — Yenish/Sinti/Manouche + Jewish community (FCNM; citizenship treatment identical)
Turkey45 paths
- Adoption-Based Citizenship (Art 17)
- Post-2009 Adoption Pathway Reform
- Ahıska Türkleri Admission (Law 3835/1992)
- Ahıska Fast-Track Naturalization (Law 5838/2009 Geçici Madde 1)
- Ahıska Ukraine Donbas Emergency Relocation (BKK 2015/7668)
- Bulgarian Turks 1989 Expulsion + Return Framework (~360K)
- 1968 TR-BG Close-Relatives Migration Agreement
- Birth in Türkiye to Turkish Parent (Art 7(1))
- Birth Abroad to Turkish Parent (Art 7(1))
- Jus Soli Residual — Foundling/Stateless Child (Art 8)
- Standard Cessation (Art 25-29 Law 5901)
- Mass Denaturalization via KHK 680 Art 75 (Post-2016)
- Lausanne 1923 Transitional Cessation
- Diffuse-Cessation Reform Arc Framework (
- Investment-Based Citizenship — BKK 2016/9601 Framework
- CIP USD 400K Real-Estate (Post-13 May 2022)
- CIP USD 250K Real-Estate (CB Karar 106 2018-2022)
- CIP USD 1M Real-Estate ORIGINAL (BKK 2016/9601 2017-2018)
- TR-DE Anwerbeabkommen 30 Oct 1961
- 2024 Germany Nationality Act Dual-Citizenship Impact
- Jus Sanguinis at Birth — Turkish Parent (Art 7(1))
- Jus Sanguinis Out-of-Wedlock — Turkish Mother (Art 7(2))
- Legitimation/Recognition of Paternity (Art 7)
- Pre-1981 Gender-Discriminatory Descent (Historical)
- Tâbiiyet Kanunu Law 1312/1928 — Ottoman→Republic Transition
- Law 403/1964 — 40-Year Predecessor Framework
- Pre-1981 Gender-Discriminatory Constitutional Framework
- İskân Kanunu Law 5543/2006 — Türk Soylu Settlement
- Law 2527/1981 Türk Soylu Employment + Reduced Residence
- Lausanne 1923 Articles 30-36 Nationality Framework
- Lausanne 1923 Articles 37-45 Minority Framework
- Spousal Naturalization (Art 16, 3-Year Marriage)
- Spouse of TR Military/Civil Servant Abroad
- Military Service Exemption for Mavi Kart Holders (Art 28(b))
- Turkish Military Service General Framework (Const Art 72)
- Mavi Kart Art 28 (Added by Law 6304/2012)
- Mavi Kart Inheritance + Property Rights (AYM Musa Polat 2024)
- Standard Naturalization (Law 5901 Art 11)
- Discretionary/Exceptional Naturalization (Art 12)
- Restoration After Voluntary Renunciation (Art 14)
- Restoration After Revocation (Reform Arc — KHK era)
- Pre-Law 5901 Restoration Framework
- KKTC Yurttaşlık Yasası 25/1993 Parallel Framework (
- KKTC Investment Citizenship Parallel Program
- TR Sole-Recognizer Doctrine of KKTC Since 1983
Ukraine48 paths
- Foreign Adoptee by UA Citizens
- UA Child Adopted by Foreigners (Multi-Citizenship Cat 2)
- Jus Sanguinis (Art 7 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Protective Jus Soli — Stateless Parents
- Foundling Protection
- Surrogacy + Assisted Reproduction Civil Registration
- EU Candidate Pre-Accession Framework (2022-06-23+)
- ECN Ratifier Framework (with Art 23(1) Reservations)
- Law 4502-IX Multi-Citizenship Six Categories + Simplified Procedure
- Automatic Foreign Citizenship Acquisition by Law (Art 5-1 cat 4)
- Defenders of Ukraine Fast-Track (Decree 11/2022 + 248/2016 + 82/2022 + Law 4502-IX 1-Year Codificati
- International Legion Multi-Component Framework
- Territorial Origin (Art 8 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Diaspora Pathway via Foreign Ukrainian Status (Law 1582-IV)
- Wartime Emergency Framework (Decree 64/2022)
- Mass-Displacement Evidence-Window
- Diia Portal Digital Citizenship Services
- Indigenous Peoples (Law 1616-IX) + Art 8 Crimean Territories
- Crimean Tatar Genocide + Triple-Event Framework
- CIS Succession (Historical)
- ECRML 13 Minority Languages Framework (CETS 148)
- Soviet Predecessor Citizenship Layer (Pre-1991-08-24)
- Minority-Education Language Framework
- Polish Minority Framework (PL on Cabinet Friendly List)
- Hungarian Minority Framework (HU NOT on Friendly List)
- Romanian Minority Framework (RO NOT on Friendly List)
- Case-by-Case Investment via State-Interest Provision
- Spousal Naturalization 3-Year Reduced (Art 9 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Automatic Multi-Citizenship via Marriage (Art 5-1 cat 3)
- Spouse-of-Defender Fast-Track (Law 4191-IX)
- Posthumous-Defender-Spouse Pathway (Law 4502-IX + 4191-IX)
- Contract Military Service Foreigners (Decree 248/2016)
- Veteran Status Framework (Law 3551-XII)
- General Naturalization 5-Year Residence (Art 9 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Refugee Naturalization 3-Year Reduced (Art 9 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Stateless Naturalization 3-Year Reduced (Art 9 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Crimea Occupation Legal Regime (Law 1207-VII + Art 19(1) Codification)
- RF Passport Non-Recognition Crimea (Codified by Law 4502-IX)
- Donetsk + Luhansk Occupation (Law 2268-VIII)
- Mejlis of Crimean Tatar People (UA-recognized; RU-banned)
- Zaporizhzhia + Kherson 2022 Annexation Non-Recognition (UN ES-11/4)
- Restoration + Loss Framework with Aggressor + Non-Friendly State Exclusion (Art 19+10 post-Law 4502-
- Restoration for Coerced Foreign Citizenship Acquisition (Occupied Territory) — Law 4502-IX Codified
- Voluntary Renunciation Procedure (Art 18 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Denaturalization for Fraud (Art 21 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Wartime Restoration for Refugees Who Renounced
- Significant Contribution + Outstanding Services (Art 1 + Art 9 post-Law 4502-IX)
- Chornobyl Special Status Framework (Law 796-XII)
United Arab Emirates11 paths
- Citizenship by paternal descent (jus sanguinis)
- Maternal-line transmission (by-operation-of-law + discretionary Art 10 Bis)
- Foundling / child of unknown parents
- Naturalization of a foreign wife of a UAE national
- Legacy naturalization (residence tiers Art 5-8)
- Nomination naturalization (investors/doctors/scientists/inventors/creatives)
- Derivative naturalization (spouse + minor children)
- Recovery / restoration of nationality
- Bidoon (stateless residents) status overlay
- Deprivation of nationality (Art 15 + security accessory Art 14 Bis/15 Bis)
- Withdrawal of nationality from naturalized/affiliated persons (Art 16)
United Kingdom35 paths
- Adoption Acquisition (UK Order or Hague Convention)
- Post-1983 British Citizen by Birth in UK
- Pre-1983 CUKC by Birth (Closed Cohort)
- BOTC by Birth in British Overseas Territory
- Foundling / Stateless-Child Safeguard
- BC by Descent (1st generation born abroad)
- Crown Service Descent Transmission
- Minor Registration s.3(2) — British by Descent + 3y UK Residence
- Pre-1983 CUKC by Descent (Closed Cohort)
- BOTC by Descent
- BN(O) by Descent (Limited)
- Pre-1983 Maternal-Line Registration (s.4C)
- Children of Armed Forces Members (s.4D)
- CUKC Pre-1983 → BC/BOTC/BOC Transition Cohort
- Pre-1949 British Subjects (Closed Cohort)
- Windrush Cohort (Pre-1973 Commonwealth UK Residents)
- BN(HK) 1985-1997 Transitional Framework
- Pre-2002 BDTC → BOTC Renaming
- §6(2) Spouse/Civil-Partner Naturalisation (Operative)
- Pre-2002 Spouse Registration (Closed Cohort)
- Crown Service Descent Exception (Historical / Current)
- Standard Naturalisation §6(1) — 5y Residence
- Spousal Naturalisation §6(2) — 3y with British Spouse
- Statelessness Naturalisation §36 + Schedule 2
- BN(O) Visa → BC via 5+1 Pathway
- BOTC → BC under BOTA 2002 §3
- BOC → BC §4 Discretionary (incl. Hong Kong 1989 measures)
- Resumption §13 (After Renunciation)
- Deprivation §40 Framework
- Deprivation Appeals §40A — FTT IAC + UT IAC + SIAC
- Common Travel Area (CTA) Bilateral Framework
- BNA §4AA Irish-Citizen Registration Pathway
- Windrush Scheme Registration
- Crown Dependencies British Status Framework
- EU Settlement Scheme + Naturalisation Pathway
United States28 paths
- CCA-2000 derivation sec. 320 (+ sec. 320(c) 2020 Act)
- sec. 322 foreign-adopted/foreign-residing derivation
- Bilateral nationality frameworks (Philippine pre-1946 / COFA / Canal Zone)
- 14th Amendment jus soli + EO-14160 overlay
- Statutory territorial jus soli (PR/Guam/USVI/CNMI)
- American Samoa non-citizen US national (sec. 1408)
- Acquisition abroad — one USC parent sec. 301(g) (era-fixed)
- Out-of-wedlock acquisition sec. 309 + Morales-Santana
- Acquisition — two USC parents sec. 301(c)
- Historical/pre-INA descent (pre-1952; NA-1940 sec. 201)
- Historical naturalization regime 1790->1952 (free-white -> 1870 -> 1906 -> 1940 -> INA)
- Indian Citizenship Act 1924 (Snyder Act)
- Jay Treaty 1794 Native border framework (sec. 289/sec. 1359)
- No-CBI clarification — EB-5 sec. 203(b)(5) confers LPR only (no investor citizenship)
- General naturalization sec. 316 (5-yr LPR)
- Spouse-of-USC sec. 319(a) 3-yr (+ sec. 319(b) overseas expedited)
- Peacetime military naturalization sec. 328 (refined from umbrella)
- Wartime/posthumous military sec. 329/sec. 329A (EO 13269 designated period)
- Resumption/restoration — sec. 324 + Afroyim (NO residency-RST)
- Denaturalization reversal (Maslenjak/sec. 340 appeal)
- Refugee/asylee -> LPR -> naturalization (Refugee Act 1980)
- Cuban Adjustment Act 1966 (1-yr LPR)
- NACARA 1997 Central American pathway
- Registry INA 249 (pre-1972 continuous residence)
- HRIFA 1998 Haitian pathway (dependent pathway OPEN per USCIS 2025)
- VAWA / U-visa / T-visa humanitarian -> LPR -> naturalization
- Expatriation/renunciation sec. 349 + Afroyim/Vance ($450 abroad, IRC 877A)
- Denaturalization sec. 340 (mechanism) + Maslenjak/Kungys + 18 USC 1425