נוהל אובדן אזרחות (Apartado C) - מובחן מאובדן אזרחות

CPEUM Art 37 Apartado C is the constitutional anchor for loss of Mexican ciudadanía (citizenship) — a legal status distinct from Mexican nacionalidad (nationality). The distinction is foundational: nationality is the bond between an individual and the Mexican state that confers the right to be called "Mexican" and to carry a Mexican passport. Citizenship (ciudadanía) is the subset of rights conferred on Mexican nationals who meet the additional qualifications in Art 34 CPEUM — principally age (18) and having "un modo honesto de vivir" — and specifically encompasses political-electoral rights: the right to vote (suffragio activo), the right to hold public office (suffragio pasivo), and the right to participate in political life.

A person who loses ciudadanía under Art 37 Apartado C RETAINS their Mexican nationality. They cannot vote, cannot hold public office, and cannot exercise the political rights of Art 35 CPEUM, but they remain a "Mexican" in the nationality sense. This is why MX-CES-03 is documented separately from MX-CES-01 (nationality-loss framework) and MX-CES-02 (revocación/nulidad).

Art 37 Apartado C contains six grounds for citizenship-loss, of which four were modified by the DOF 2013-09-30 reform (which transferred authorization authority from the Senado/Comisión Permanente to the Ejecutivo Federal for grounds II, III, and IV):

• I: Acceptance of foreign titles of nobility implying submission to a foreign government
• II: Official service (cargo oficial) to a foreign government without Ejecutivo Federal permit (post-2013: Ejecutivo Federal authorizes, not Senate)
• III: Acceptance of foreign decorations without Ejecutivo Federal permit
• IV: Performance of foreign titles, functions, or representative roles without Ejecutivo Federal permit
• V: Aiding a foreign state against the nation
• VI: Other cases established by law (residual clause)

Important limitation: Art 37 Apartado C is NOT regulated by the Ley de Nacionalidad (which governs only Apartados A and B). Apartado C operates under a distinct constitutional and administrative framework, with Ejecutivo Federal — not SRE-DGAJ — as the operative authority for permit-based grounds.

The citizenship-loss procedure under Apartado C operates through executive-branch channels rather than SRE-DGAJ:

1. For permit-based grounds (II, III, IV): Ejecutivo Federal grants or denies the required permit; absence of permit + demonstration of the triggering act = basis for Apartado C proceedings
2. Determination of citizenship-loss: administrative-legal proceeding before relevant federal executive authority; CPEUM Art 16 fundación y motivación applies
3. Affected person has the right to be heard and to submit evidence
4. Judicial review: amparo indirecto before Juzgados de Distrito; SCJN as final interpreter of Apartado C scope
5. Effect: ciudadanía suspended; nationality unaffected; restoration of citizenshi requires separate procedure

Filing authorities: Ejecutivo Federal (permisos post-2013). MX procedure (CES): SRE-DGAJ + RENAPO + Registro Civil estatal operational; CPEUM Art 30/32/37 + Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (última reforma DOF 2012-04-23) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 framework; CURP Biométrica reform DOF 2025-07-16.

• Primary statute: CPEUM Art 37 Apartado C (6 causales; DOF 2013-09-30 última reforma of frs II/III/IV — authorization transferred from Senate to Ejecutivo Federal)
• Prior reform: DOF 1997-03-20 (creating the Apartado A/B/C structure; Apartado C frs existed from 1934 but were restructured)
• Authority: Ejecutivo Federal (permisos for grounds II, III, IV post-2013); no SRE-DGAJ role for Apartado C
• Distinction from Ley: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Arts 27-32 cover only Apartados A and B; Apartado C is NOT in scope
• Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present (post-1997 three-Apartado structure); DOF 2013-09-30 Ejecutivo Federal authorization
• Due process: CPEUM Art 16 fundación y motivación; Art 17 judicial review; amparo as constitutional remedy

Primary statute: CPEUM Art 37 Apartado C (6 causales — DOF 2013-09-30 última reforma); NOT regulated by Ley de Nacionalidad (which covers Apartados A + B only); distinct framework. Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present. Mexican citizenship legal framework: Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) Art 30, 32, 37 primary constitutional framework — Art 30 nationality acquisition (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis); Art 32 dual-citizenship + Mexican-by-naturalization restrictions; Art 37 ciudadanía + nacionalidad loss framework. Constitutional anchor: CPEUM is the longest-continuous-single-text constitution globally (since 1917-02-05); Apartado A fracción I textually preserved across reforms 1934/1969/1974/1997/2021. Implementing statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23; última reforma DOF 2012-04-23). Implementing regulation: Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón sexenio — NOT 2014). Key recent reforms: Art 30 multi-generational jus sanguinis reform DOF 2021-05-17 (Sheinbaum-era); Indigenous Originario framework DOF 2024-09-30 reforming Art 2 + 27 + 73 (CPEUM); Oaxaca Usos y Costumbres 417-418 SNI framework. Treaty anchors: ILO 169 (Mexico 2nd globally ratifier, 1990-09-05 after Norway 1990-06-19); 1933 Montevideo denuncia trifecta (1997-2000 — Inter-American Citizenship Treaties withdrawal); ICJ Avena 2004 (Mexico v USA — consular notification); Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 (territorial cession + nationality transition framework). NOT party to 1961 Stateless Convention. Apex: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) — Pleno + Primera Sala + Segunda Sala. Indigenous parallel framework distinct.

-: CPEUM Art 37 Apartado C texto vigente -: DOF 2013-09-30 reforma Apartado C (authorization transfer to Ejecutivo Federal) -: Art 37 C scholarly / official commentary -: Art 37 B + C comparative cessation framework documentation

Source pins:,. MX source register: T1 primary: CPEUM (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos) DOF publication; Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23, última reforma DOF 2012-04-23); Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón); SCJN sentencias + AI (acciones de inconstitucionalidad) + AR (amparo en revisión) + ADR (amparo directo en revisión); SRE-DGAJ Dirección General de Asuntos Jurídicos; RENAPO Registro Nacional de Población; DOF Diario Oficial de la Federación. T2 corroborating: INE + Consulados de México publications; UN Treaty Collection treaty-status; ILO ratifications database; ICJ Avena 2004 judgment. Cross-border (cohort-distinct): Spain Ley 36/2002 + Italy Legge 74/2025.