סעיף 51(xix) חוק סמכויות הזרים (סינג + פוצ'י + רי פטרסון)

Edge cases: (1) Persons born outside Australia who never naturalised but lived in Australia 30+ years — Re Patterson partially overruled but residual protection unclear; (2) Children of asylum seekers born in Australia under Singh — alien at birth, modified jus soli at age 10 (s 12(1)(b) ACA 2007); (3) Persons in "non-removable" detention category (NZYQ-class) — alien for s 51(xix) but constitutional protection against indefinite detention; (4) Native title-holders without formal s 12 birth — sui generis Love doctrine candidates.