Iberoamericano Accelerated 2-Year Route (Art 20 fr I c — UNILATERAL framework)

Mexico extends a 2-year accelerated naturalization pathway to nationals of Latin American countries and the Iberian Peninsula (España, Portugal) through Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fracción I literal c). This framework is a unilateral Mexican statutory grant — not a bilateral nationality treaty with Spain or any other country. The cascade- captures the most critical in the MX cascade: a FATAL." No such treaty exists.

The operative legal architecture is dual and fully independent. On the Mexican side, Art 20 I c) reduces the residency requirement from 5 years (standard Art 19) to 2 years for qualifying Iberoamericano nationals. On the Spanish side, the Constitución Española Art 11.3 párrafo 2 and Código Civil Art 22.1 independently reduce Spain's residency requirement to 2 years for Iberoamericanos — including Mexican nationals. These two unilateral national laws operate in parallel, granting Mexicans fast-track access to Spanish nationality and Iberoamericano nationals fast-track access to Mexican nationality, without any treaty obligation on either side. Verified via Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones España (bilateral nationality treaty registry excludes Mexico), Ministerio de Justicia España, and SRE Dirección de Doble Nacionalidad.

The 1995 instrument between Mexico and Spain is the Convenio de Seguridad Social ES-MX (signed Madrid 1994-04-25; BOE 1995-03-17) — a pension portability agreement, entirely separate from nationality law. A Tratado General de Cooperación y Amistad ES-MX of 1990-01-11 also exists but does not touch nationality.

• Originary of a Latin American country or the Iberian Peninsula (España, Portugal)
• Applies to nationals (not permanent residents) of qualifying countries
• 2-year legal residency in Mexico immediately preceding application (Residente Temporal or Permanente)
• Same absence rule as Art 19 general: absences exceeding 6 months during the prior 2 years interrupt continuity
• Same requisitos as MX-NAT-01: renunciation oath, solvencia económica, no criminal record
• Spanish proficiency exam and history-culture examination (same as general route unless exempt)
• Variable interpretations apply to Andorra and Gibraltar nationals at SRE-DGAJ level

Qualifying country list: Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, España, Guatemala, Haití (interpretación variable), Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Portugal, República Dominicana, Uruguay, Venezuela; and Andorra/Gibraltar (variable practice)

MX eligibility framework (NAT): bucket-specific anchored in CPEUM Art 30 (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis) + Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23, última reforma DOF 2012-04-23) + Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón). Constitutional ceiling CPEUM Art 30/32/37. NAT eligibility: Ley Nacionalidad 1998 Art 19 — 5-year continuous residence (general); 2-year cohorts (latinoamericanos, ibéricos, tratado-reciprocity); Spanish-language + Mexican-history examination; buena conducta + medios suficientes de subsistencia + renuncia de nacionalidad anterior (since 1998-03-20 dual permitted for Mexicans-by-birth, renunciation requirement applies only to applicants).

1. Maintain qualifying INM residency status (Residente Temporal or Permanente) for 2 continuous years
2. Submit application via SINNA portal (sinna.sre.gob.mx) or in person at SRE-DGAJ, citing Art 20 fr I c) as the applicable reduced-residency ground
3. Provide documentary proof of nationality of qualifying Iberoamericano country (current valid passport of country of origin)
4. SEGOB-INM opinion (45 días hábiles)
5. Pass Spanish proficiency and history-culture examinations (Acuerdo DOF 2022-10-07 protocol)
6. Take renunciation oath (Art 17) before SRE officials
7. Carta de Naturalización issued; RENAPO updates CURP; Mexican passport available on application

Filing authorities: SRE-DGAJ. MX procedure (naturalization): (1) SRE-DGAJ Dirección General de Asuntos Jurídicos intake; (2) 5-year residence requirement (general track per Ley Nacionalidad 1998 Art 19 fracción I) or 2-year (cohorts: latinoamericanos + ibéricos + tratado-reciprocity); (3) Spanish-language + Mexican-history examination; (4) Carta de Naturalización issuance after Presidential or Secretarial decree publication DOF; (5) renunciation of prior nationality per Art 17 Ley Nacionalidad (since 1998-03-20 dual-nationality permitted, renunciation no longer required for Mexicans by birth).

• Primary statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fracción I literal c) — 2-year residency for originarios de países latinoamericanos o Península Ibérica
• Regulation: Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 Cap III (same as general naturalization; NOT a separate regulation)
• Constitutional anchor: CPEUM Art 30 Apartado B (Secretaría may grant naturalization)
• Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present (unilateral Mexican statutory framework)
• Authority: SRE-DGAJ (same authority as MX-NAT-01)
• Tarifa 2025-26: MXN 9,500
• MX- (HIGH) — NO bilateral MX-ES doble nacionalidad treaty exists;

-: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fr I c) — primary statutory text -: Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 — implementing regulation Cap III -: Ministerio de Justicia España — bilateral nationality treaty registry confirming MX excluded -: Constitución Española Art 11.3 + Código Civil Art 22.1 — Spain's unilateral Iberoamericano framework -: SRE Dirección Doble Nacionalidad — confirmed absence of MX-ES bilateral nationality treaty

Source pins:,. MX source register: T1 primary: CPEUM (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos) DOF publication; Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23, última reforma DOF 2012-04-23); Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón); SCJN sentencias + AI (acciones de inconstitucionalidad) + AR (amparo en revisión) + ADR (amparo directo en revisión); SRE-DGAJ Dirección General de Asuntos Jurídicos; RENAPO Registro Nacional de Población; DOF Diario Oficial de la Federación. T2 corroborating: INE + Consulados de México publications; UN Treaty Collection treaty-status; ILO ratifications database; ICJ Avena 2004 judgment. Cross-border (cohort-distinct): Spain Ley 36/2002 + Italy Legge 74/2025.