התאזרחות מבוססת מוצא - Línea Recta + Padre/Madre של ילדים מקסיקנים מלידה (Art 20 fr I a/b - 2y)

Art 20 fracción I of the Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 establishes four sub-categories of 2-year accelerated naturalization (literals a through d). This route addresses literals a and b, which apply to two family-connected groups: direct-line descendants of a Mexican-by-birth national (literal a), and parents of Mexican-by-birth children (literal b). Both pathways reduce the standard 5-year residency requirement of Art 19 to 2 years, subject to the same procedural requirements.

An important structural distinction separates this route from the jus sanguinis routes in the DSC bucket. MX-DSC-01, MX-DSC-02, and MX-DSC-03 operate via CPEUM Art 30 Apartado A — they confer Mexican nationality por nacimiento automatically, without any residency requirement. MX-NAT-03, by contrast, is a naturalization pathway under Art 20: it confers Mexican nationality por naturalización, not por nacimiento, and requires 2-year physical residency in Mexico. The significance of this distinction is substantial: a person naturalized under Art 20 fr I a/b acquires Art 37 Apartado B vulnerability (nationality may be lost on voluntary re-acquisition of a foreign nationality or 5-year continuous residence abroad), while a person acquiring nationality por nacimiento under Art 30 A is protected by the absolute Art 37 Apartado A non-deprivation shield.

Literal a also contains a second paragraph (added DOF 2012-04-23) providing a residence exemption for certain 2nd-degree adopted descendants — that provision is documented separately under MX-ADP-02.

Literal a — Direct-line descendant of mexicano por nacimiento:

• Applicant is a direct-line descendant (hijo, nieto, bisnieto, etc.) of a person who holds Mexican nationality por nacimiento under Art 30 A I, II, III, or IV
• 2-year legal residency in Mexico (Residente Temporal or Permanente) immediately preceding application
• Distinguished from MX-DSC-01/02/03: those routes are for persons born abroad who ALREADY ARE mexicanos por nacimiento via jus sanguinis; this route is for foreign nationals who establish Mexico residency and want to naturalize by invoking their descent connection

Literal b — Parent of a mexicano por nacimiento:

• Applicant is the father or mother of a child who holds Mexican nationality por nacimiento under Art 30 A
• 2-year legal residency in Mexico (Residente Temporal or Permanente) immediately preceding application
• Child must be mexicano por nacimiento (born in Mexico under Art 30 A I, or born abroad to a Mexican parent under Art 30 A II/III/IV)
• No requirement that the child reside in Mexico

Both sub-routes:

• Same examination requirements as Art 19 general naturalization: Spanish proficiency + history-culture exam
• Same oath (Art 17 renunciation oath)
• Same solvencia económica and criminal record requirements

1. Establish and maintain INM Residente Temporal or Permanente status for 2 continuous years
2. Obtain documentary evidence: for literal a, actas de nacimiento tracing descent line to a Mexican-por-nacimiento ancestor (apostille waived since DOF junio 2024 CNDOC Arts 314 + 1144 reform); for literal b, acta de nacimiento of the Mexican-por-nacimiento child
3. Submit application via SINNA portal or SRE-DGAJ in person, citing applicable literal (a or b) of Art 20 fr I
4. SEGOB-INM opinion (45 días hábiles)
5. Pass Spanish proficiency and history-culture examinations (Acuerdo DOF 2022-10-07)
6. Renunciation oath (Art 17) + Carta de Naturalización issued

Filing authorities: SRE-DGAJ. MX procedure (naturalization): (1) SRE-DGAJ Dirección General de Asuntos Jurídicos intake; (2) 5-year residence requirement (general track per Ley Nacionalidad 1998 Art 19 fracción I) or 2-year (cohorts: latinoamericanos + ibéricos + tratado-reciprocity); (3) Spanish-language + Mexican-history examination; (4) Carta de Naturalización issuance after Presidential or Secretarial decree publication DOF; (5) renunciation of prior nationality per Art 17 Ley Nacionalidad (since 1998-03-20 dual-nationality permitted, renunciation no longer required for Mexicans by birth).

• Primary statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fracción I literal a) (descendiente en línea recta de mexicano por nacimiento) + literal b) (padre o madre de mexicano por nacimiento)
• Regulation: Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 Cap III
• Constitutional anchor: CPEUM Art 30 Apartado B (naturalización framework)
• Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present (literal a second paragraph added DOF 2012-04-23)
• Authority: SRE-DGAJ
• Tarifa 2025-26: MXN 9,500
• Reform arc: Ley 1998 original; second paragraph of literal a added by DOF 2012-04-23 reform (4th and final amendment to Ley de Nacionalidad)

Primary statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fr I literal a (descendiente línea recta mexicano por nacimiento) + literal b (padre/madre de mexicanos por nacimiento). Operative period: 1998-03-20 → present. Mexican citizenship legal framework: Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) Art 30, 32, 37 primary constitutional framework — Art 30 nationality acquisition (Apartado A jus soli + Apartado B jus sanguinis); Art 32 dual-citizenship + Mexican-by-naturalization restrictions; Art 37 ciudadanía + nacionalidad loss framework. Constitutional anchor: CPEUM is the longest-continuous-single-text constitution globally (since 1917-02-05); Apartado A fracción I textually preserved across reforms 1934/1969/1974/1997/2021. Implementing statute: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23; última reforma DOF 2012-04-23). Implementing regulation: Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón sexenio — NOT 2014). Key recent reforms: Art 30 multi-generational jus sanguinis reform DOF 2021-05-17 (Sheinbaum-era); Indigenous Originario framework DOF 2024-09-30 reforming Art 2 + 27 + 73 (CPEUM); Oaxaca Usos y Costumbres 417-418 SNI framework. Treaty anchors: ILO 169 (Mexico 2nd globally ratifier, 1990-09-05 after Norway 1990-06-19); 1933 Montevideo denuncia trifecta (1997-2000 — Inter-American Citizenship Treaties withdrawal); ICJ Avena 2004 (Mexico v USA — consular notification); Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 (territorial cession + nationality transition framework). NOT party to 1961 Stateless Convention. Apex: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) — Pleno + Primera Sala + Segunda Sala. Indigenous parallel framework distinct.

-: Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 Art 20 fr I a/b — primary statutory text -: Reglamento DOF 2009-06-17 Cap III implementation -: SRE-DGAJ documentary requirements and procedure guidance

Source pins:. MX source register: T1 primary: CPEUM (Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos) DOF publication; Ley de Nacionalidad 1998 (DOF 1998-01-23, última reforma DOF 2012-04-23); Reglamento de la Ley de Nacionalidad DOF 2009-06-17 (Calderón); SCJN sentencias + AI (acciones de inconstitucionalidad) + AR (amparo en revisión) + ADR (amparo directo en revisión); SRE-DGAJ Dirección General de Asuntos Jurídicos; RENAPO Registro Nacional de Población; DOF Diario Oficial de la Federación. T2 corroborating: INE + Consulados de México publications; UN Treaty Collection treaty-status; ILO ratifications database; ICJ Avena 2004 judgment. Cross-border (cohort-distinct): Spain Ley 36/2002 + Italy Legge 74/2025.