Закон о гражданстве индейцев 1924 года (Закон Снайдера)

The route is itself cohort-defining (Historical Cohort 8 in the scoping rule: Native American pre-1924 / 1924). Key sub-populations: (1) tribal members born in the U.S. before 2 Jun 1924 and living on that date — citizens by the collective grant; (2) all U.S.-born tribal members thereafter — citizens at birth under §1401(b); (3) Alaska Native peoples (Eskimo/Aleutian/other aboriginal tribe) — squarely within §1401(b)'s enumerated language; (4) dual tribal-U.S. citizens — the standard framework, since U.S. citizenship and tribal enrollment are independent (see dual_nationality section). Distinct from this route is the cohort of American Indians born in CANADA, who fall under the Jay Treaty 1794 / INA §289 = 8 USC §1359 border-crossing + LPR-record framework (US-IND-01), NOT the 1924 Act — they are not made U.S. citizens by §289.

Good moral character is NOT an element of this route. Good moral character (INA §316(a) = 8 USC §1427(a), elaborated by INA §101(f) = 8 USC §1101(f) and 8 CFR §316.10) is a naturalization requirement. Citizenship under the 1924 Act / §1401(b) is acquired by birth or collective statutory grant, so the applicant never passes through naturalization and the GMC bars, the English/civics requirements (INA §312 = 8 USC §1423), and the oath of allegiance (INA §337 = 8 USC §1448) are all inapplicable. This is a structural feature of citizenship-at-birth routes generally: the only contested questions are factual (U.S.-soil birth + tribal-member parentage), not character or attachment questions. A practitioner should affirmatively flag this to distinguish the route from any naturalization-based alternative a client might otherwise pursue.

Because citizenship under §1401(b) is acquired at birth (or, for the historical cohort, by the 1924 collective grant), proof is declaratory rather than constitutive. A person establishes the status by documenting (a) birth within the territorial limits of the United States, and (b) for the §1401(b) clause specifically, membership-by-birth in (i.e., birth to a member of) an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe. Standard evidence includes a U.S. birth certificate plus tribal-enrollment documentation or a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood. The Department of State (8 FAM 401.6) recognizes §1401(b) status for passport and travel-document issuance and addresses Native American documentary practice. A Certificate of Citizenship (Form N-600) can be obtained from USCIS to confirm the status, and a declaratory-judgment remedy for a contested claim of U.S. nationality lies under INA §360 = 8 USC §1503, but neither is necessary to hold the citizenship.

No procedure is required to HOLD the citizenship — it vests by birth (or vested by the 1924 collective grant for the historical cohort). To DOCUMENT it, the typical steps are: (1) gather a U.S. birth record establishing birth within U.S. territorial limits; (2) gather tribal-membership evidence (enrollment record / CDIB) showing birth to a tribal member; (3) apply to USCIS on Form N-600 (Application for Certificate of Citizenship) if a federal certificate is desired, or apply to the Department of State for a U.S. passport (8 FAM 401.6 governs Native American documentation); (4) if a claim is denied or contested, seek a declaratory judgment of U.S. nationality under INA §360 = 8 USC §1503. The adjudicating standard for an N-600 is preponderance of the evidence. For the closed historical cohort, the same documentary logic applies retrospectively using tribal rolls and NARA records.

The citizenship itself is instantaneous — it vests at birth under §1401(b) or vested on 2 Jun 1924 for the historical cohort, with no waiting period and no continuous-residence/physical-presence clock to satisfy. Only the OPTIONAL documentation carries a timeline. For a USCIS Form N-600 Certificate of Citizenship (a confirmatory, not constitutive, adjudication), the LIVE authority on timeframes is the USCIS processing-times tool at egov.uscis.gov/processing-times (select Form N-600 and the relevant field office); as of 2026-06-01 (verify current), published USCIS ranges commonly run several months to over a year depending on field-office workload — do not rely on any fixed field-office number. The statutory decision framework for the N-600 is 8 CFR §341.2 (examination on a preponderance standard). A Department of State U.S. passport application runs on standard passport-processing timeframes published at travel.state.gov. A declaratory-judgment action under INA §360 = 8 USC §1503 runs on federal-court litigation timelines (with a 5-year limitations period from final administrative denial). Because no substantive eligibility 'accrues' over time, the only delay is administrative confirmation of facts that are true from birth.

Исходным документом является Закон от 2 июня 1924 г., гл. 233, 43 Стат. 253 - официально Публичный № 175 68-го Конгресса (HR 6355), обычно называемый Законом об индийском гражданстве или Законом Снайдера в честь члена палаты представителей Гомера П. Снайдера. Согласно VC-07 правильное обозначение — Pub. № 175 (НЕ Паб. № 174). В постановляющем тексте говорилось: «Все индейцы-неграждане, родившиеся в пределах территориальных границ Соединенных Штатов, будут объявлены гражданами Соединенных Штатов: при условии, что предоставление такого гражданства никоим образом не ущемляет и не затрагивает иным образом право любого такого лица на племенную или другую собственность». Грант действовал в силу закона на дату его вступления в силу; он не создал процесс приложения. В настоящее время это правило кодифицировано в INA §301(b) = 8 USC §1401(b) (первоначально вступило в силу 27 июня 1952 г., глава 477, раздел III, §301, 66 Закона 235), который дословно дословно переносит положение о сохранении прав собственности по существу.

If USCIS denies an N-600 Certificate of Citizenship application asserting §1401(b) status, the applicant may appeal administratively (Form N-336 / Administrative Appeals Office, per the governing 8 CFR framework) and ultimately seek judicial relief. The principal judicial remedy for a person whose claim to U.S. nationality is denied is a declaratory-judgment action under INA §360(a) = 8 USC §1503(a) (with 28 USC §2201 supplying the declaratory-judgment mechanism), available to a person within the United States who has been denied a right or privilege as a national. The historical apex litigation on the underlying status question is Elk v. Wilkins (1884), now superseded; modern disputes are evidentiary (proving U.S.-territorial birth and tribal-member parentage) rather than doctrinal, since §1401(b)'s validity is settled. The property-rights proviso also forecloses arguments that accepting U.S. citizenship waived tribal/treaty/property claims.

U.S. citizenship under §1401(b) coexists with tribal citizenship/enrollment; the two are legally independent. Tribal enrollment is determined by each sovereign tribe under its own membership criteria (e.g., lineal descent, blood quantum, residency) and is NOT controlled by, nor a precondition to, U.S. citizenship. The 1924 Act and §1401(b) both expressly provide that the grant of U.S. citizenship 'shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of such person to tribal or other property' — so becoming or being a U.S. citizen does not extinguish tribal membership, treaty rights, or property/trust interests. This is the standard dual tribal-U.S. citizenship framework. There is no renunciation-of-tribe requirement, and no U.S.-citizenship-loss consequence attaches to maintaining tribal enrollment or exercising treaty rights.