Canada

Person adopted outside Canada by Canadian citizen parent under Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption compliant framework; genuine parent-child relationship; post-2025-12-15 adoptees subject to substantial-connection test if adoptive parent born abroad

Born in Canada after 1977-02-14; diplomatic-child exception under s.3(2) where neither parent was citizen or PR

Born outside Canada after 1977-02-14 to a Canadian-citizen parent who was born in Canada or naturalized (i.e., first generation born abroad)

Born outside Canada on or after 2025-12-15 to a Canadian parent who was themselves born abroad, IF that parent was physically present in Canada for at least 1,095 days before the child's birth (substantial connection test). Replaces the Bjorkquist-struck first-generation limit.

First-generation / substantial-connection limits in s.3(3) do NOT apply to children born abroad where a parent (or grandparent) was employed with Canadian Armed Forces, federal public administration, or provincial public service, otherwise than as a locally-engaged person.

Citizen immediately before 1977-02-15 under CCA 1946 regime, OR born abroad pre-1977 to Canadian-citizen parent, OR pre-2009-04-17 grantees who would have been citizens under (g)

Persons born/naturalized in Canada pre-1947 (or Newfoundland pre-1949) who ceased to be British subjects and did not become citizens on that date; descendants thereof. Bill S-2/C-37/C-3 progressive restoration.

Persons born before 2025-12-15 who would have been citizens but for the first-generation limit or other outdated rules; includes deceased-parent cases under new s.3(1.5). Central Bill C-3 remedial category.

Status Indian registration under Indian Act R.S.C. 1985 c. I-5 s.6 — parallel to but NOT substitute for Canadian citizenship. Jay Treaty Art III rights for Haudenosaunee + cross-border First Nations. Métis/Inuit constitutional recognition per Daniels v Canada 2016 SCC 12.

18+ PR in Canada 3 of 5 years (1,095 days physical presence), 183 days/year, tax filing 3 of 5, CLB 4 language, knowledge-of-Canada test (ages 18-54), no s.22 prohibitions. Fee CAD$630 ($530 processing + $100 Right of Citizenship).

Minor child of Canadian citizen parent; no residence, language, or knowledge requirements. Fee CAD$100.

Former citizens who lost citizenship under s.9 (renunciation) or other provisions may apply for resumption, subject to PR status in Canada and no prohibitions under s.22

Minister's discretionary grant to alleviate statelessness, including fulfillment of 1961 Convention Art 1 and CRC Art 7 obligations; no residence, language, or knowledge requirements

Minister's discretionary grant in cases of special/unusual hardship, service of exceptional value to Canada, or other compelling circumstances. Used as interim Bjorkquist remedy 2023-12-19 to 2025-12-14.