Spain

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-ADP-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Persons adopted as adults (post-age-18) by Spanish national: 2-year Spanish residence opción at Registro Civil. Cohort-distinctive — most peer EU countries do not recognize adult adoption for nationality purposes.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-BTH-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-BTH-02; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-BTH-03; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-BTH-04; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-CBN-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-CBN-02; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-CBN-03; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Equatorial Guinean nationals: 2-year continuous residence in Spain + DELE A2 + CCSE + Art 23 jura/promesa (renuncia exempt per Art 24.2 7-régimen carve-out). Only African counterparty in Spain's 7-régimen list.

Portuguese nationals: 2-year continuous residence in Spain + DELE A2 (waived in practice) + CCSE + Art 23 jura/promesa (renuncia exempt). Only 7-régimen member without dedicated bilateral Convenio — statutory-unilateral via CE Art 11.3 framer intent.

Successful Ley 12/2015 (closed 2021-09-30) Sephardic acquirers retain Spanish nationality indefinitely + transmit via CC Art 17.1.a base jus sanguinis. Operational post-sunset framework for ~100K-150K cohort. Subject to STS 46/2025+47/2025 Sala Civil Pleno restrictive doctrine.

French nationals: Art 24.2 dual-nat carve-out ONLY (Convenio Montauban BOE-A-2022-4916 EIF 01/04/2022 operates on cessation-renuncia-recuperación axis — Art 23.b + Art 24.1 + Art 26.1.a). NOT in Art 22.1 6-régimen 2y reduction list — French applicants follow standard 10-year residence per Art 22.1 primer inciso. Primera nación fuera del ámbito iberoamericano per mjusticia.gob.es.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-DSC-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Descendants of Spanish-origin parent who lost or did not transmit Spanish nationality at birth: opción acquisition via Art 17.3 + Art 20.1.b (2-year residence). Operationally key for Memoria DA8 successors + post-Sahara apátridas + pre-1990 mujer casada loss cohort.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-HIS-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-HIS-02; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-HIS-03; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-INV-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-MAR-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Spain has NO military-service pathway to nationality. Servicio militar obligatorio suspended 2001-12-31 via Real Decreto 247/2001 + LO 5/2005 de la Defensa Nacional (all-volunteer professional FAS). Tercio de Extranjeros (Spanish Foreign Legion) does NOT confer nationality (cohort-distinctive vs FR Légion étrangère 'Français par le sang versé').

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-MIL-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-NAT-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-NAT-02; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-NAT-03; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

LO 1/2025 Disposición Final 21ª renders Arts 63-67 Ley 14/2013 sin contenido. EIF 3-Apr-2025 (3-month deferral); DT1 application-date-preservation + DT2 holder-retention transitional. Spain ANTICIPATORIO ~4 months pre-CJEU C-181/23 Commission v Malta — first-mover not compliance-forced alignment. Cohort-FIRST Tier-1 ES-CF-V5-NEW-003.

Proposición de Ley 122/000072 (Cortes Generales XV Legislatura, SUMAR sponsor) proposes substantive expansion of Ley 51/1982 Sahara apátridas framework + Memoria DA8-style descendant restitution for Saharawi cohort. Cohort-FIRST Tier-1 formalization of post-Madrid-Accords Saharawi descendant pathway beyond current STS Sala 1ª restrictive doctrine line (STS 207/2020 + 444/2020 + 681/2021 + 1711/2024).

Active Cortes initiatives cluster post-Memoria DA8 closure: CGCEE permanent reform paradigm (cohort-FIRST Tier-2 diaspora-input mechanism) + PL 122/000230 SUMAR doble-nat (potential 8th régimen ampliación) + PL 122/000054 VOX restrictive (unlikely passage) + PLO 09/12/2025 Plurilingüismo (indirect impact on Art 22.4 DELE A2 + CCSE administered in castellano).

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-RST-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Descendants of Republican exile + Spanish emigrants by political/economic reasons + Brigadas Internacionales + pre-1978 women loss-by-marriage cohort. Window: 21-Oct-2022 EIF → 21-Oct-2024 original → 22-Oct-2025 prórroga → CLOSED. Cohort-FIRST DUAL CLOSED-WINDOW restitution paralela (with Sephardic Ley 12/2015).

סיכום זכאות עבור ES-SPC-01; ראו דוח המסלול המלא.

Automatic loss on voluntary acquisition of foreign nationality (Art 24.1 CC; 3-year clock + declaración de conservación escape). 7-régimen Art 24.2 carve-out exempts Iberoamericano-12 + Filipinas + Andorra + Guinea Ecuatorial + Portugal + Sefardíes + France acquirers.

Spanish emigrants abroad using exclusively foreign nationality lose Spanish nat after 3 years unless declaración de conservación filed. TS Sala 3ª doctrine: pasaporte renovación at consulate = declaración Art 24.3 (practical exemption for ~3M Spanish diaspora cohort).

Sanción-revocation for naturalized Spaniards: foreign army service against ES or fraudulent acquisition. CE Art 11.2 ABSOLUTE BAR for nacionalidad de origen — born-Spanish constitutionally protected. Cohort-FIRST Tier-1 constitutional-rank firewall.

Procedural precondition for naturalisation: renuncia of prior nationality + Art 23.a jura/promesa + Art 23.c Registro Civil inscription. 7-régimen + Sefardíes EXEMPTED from Art 23.b renuncia — dual nat preserved. STS 1264/2024 affects Art 23 procedures via RD 1004/2015 Art 12.1 nullification.

Judicial nullity of acquisition for fraud/concealment per CC Art 25.2 — 15-year MF action via Sala 1ª Civil (NOT Sala 3ª contencioso-administrativo per VC-ES-XCT-05-001). Cohort-FIRST Tier-2 architectural distinction from Art 25.1 sanción; effects perjudiciales para terceros de buena fe excluded.