Hungary

A child of a Hungarian-citizen parent (either mother or father) is Hungarian from birth by operation of law, no place-of-birth, residency, fee or exam requirement (§3(1); Civil Code descent rules).

A child born in Hungary to stateless parents holding a Hungarian place of residence is presumed Hungarian until the contrary is proven — the 1961-Convention-aligned territorial childhood-statelessness safeguard.

A child of unknown parentage found in Hungary is presumed Hungarian until the contrary is proven — the classic foundling rule descending from the 1879:L-era regime, predating Act LV/1993 by over a century.

Newborn of unknown nationality abandoned at a healthcare institution (mother left child directly after birth, no collection declaration within six weeks → adoptability) is presumed Hungarian; §3(3)(c) EXTENDS, does NOT originate, foundling jus soli (the #16 'first jus soli' claim is false). Cardinal; applies to pending proceedings (§25/C).

Governs how a §3(3)(a)/(b)/(c) child loses the Hungarian-citizenship presumption — only if a foreign nationality or non-Hungarian parentage is affirmatively established ('until the contrary is proven').

Non-citizen whose ascendant (felmenő) was a Hungarian citizen, proving Hungarian-language knowledge, is naturalised with NO residency, no §4/A exam (only §4(1)(b),(d) apply) — the constitutional operationalisation of Article D; illetékmentes; ~1.18M acquisitions since 2011.

Sub-track of §4(3) where origin is proven by documents tracing the ascendant's former Hungarian citizenship (anyakönyvi kivonat, állampolgársági/opciós/illetőségi bizonyítvány, naturalisation deed, munkakönyv, katonakönyv, old passport); foreign-language documents need certified Hungarian translation.

Alternative §4(3) qualifying basis where direct ancestor-citizenship proof is unavailable: applicant makes probable (valószínűsíti) Hungarian origin and proves Hungarian-language knowledge — distinct statutory threshold from the documentary-ascendant track.

Person born before 1957-10-01 to a Hungarian-citizen mother and foreign-citizen father, who did not become Hungarian at birth (pre-1957 paternal-line-only descent), acquires citizenship by declaration to the President — no residency, no age cap.

Declaratory establishment (állampolgárság megállapítása / állampolgársági bizonyítvány) for a person born abroad to a Hungarian-citizen parent — confirms automatic §3(1) acquisition rather than conferring it; distinct from naturalisation.

Hungary's first modern nationality act (in force 1880-01-08): jus sanguinis (paternal in-wedlock), legitimation §4, marriage §5, naturalisation §6; §20/§31 taxative loss incl. 10-year absence — the Habsburg-era foundation all later acts inherited.

Treaty signed 1920-06-04, becikkelyezve 1921:XXXIII (anchor date 1921-07-26): persons with községi illetőség in ceded territory lost Hungarian / acquired successor-state nationality ipso iure (Art 61); one-year Art 63 retention + Art 64 ethnic option; ~3M lost citizenship.

GENUINE nationality-procedure provision (NOT a budget act): Interior Minister decides ceded-territory illetőség, Art 63/64 option illetőség, and exceptional re-naturalisation (waiving 1879:L §38) for post-1914-07-26 losers on special-equity grounds.

1939:XIII re-naturalisation framework for release/absence losers; 1939:IV (Second Jewish Law) §3 barred Jews from acquiring citizenship by naturalisation/marriage/legitimation and authorised annulment of post-1914 grants — a WWII-era exclusion/deprivation instrument.

1948:LX (in force 1949-02-01) territorial recognitions §§26–27; 1957:V (in force 1957-10-01) introduced maternal-line jus sanguinis (§1(1)(a)) and repealed 1948:XXVI + 1948:LX — the gender-equalisation continued by Act LV §3(1).

Until 1957-09-30 legitimation and marriage altered citizenship automatically (foreign wife/legitimated child acquired; Hungarian woman/legitimated child of foreign father lost); 1957:V abolished both as automatic citizenship events from 1957-10-01.

RESIDENCE permit (not citizenship): ≥€250k MNB-registered real-estate-fund units (held ≥5y, ≥40% NAV HU residential) OR ≥€1M higher-education donation (the €500k property option was abolished before effect, MK 2024-12-20); up to 10y renewable to 20y; authority OIF; citizenship only via ordinary §4(1) 8-year NAT — no investor fast-track, no CBI (FATAL trap if treated as citizenship).

Spouse in a valid ≥3-year marriage to a Hungarian citizen (or surviving spouse) qualifies for the reduced 3-year-RESIDENCE track + §4(1)(b)–(e); must NOT be conflated with the zero-residency §4(3a) 10-year-marriage route.

DISTINCT from §4(3) diaspora: a person ≥10 years in a valid marriage with a Hungarian citizen, OR ≥5 years where a common child was born, proving Hungarian-language knowledge, is preferentially naturalised with NO residency requirement.

President may, on the minister's proposal, exceptionally naturalise a person of recognised merit where in Hungary's important interest (fontos érdek), without the ordinary §4(1) residence/exam conditions, provided a registered Hungarian residence; discretionary, ECN Art 12-reserved; perfected by §7 oath.

Standard honosítás: 8 years' continuous residence + clean record + secured livelihood/housing + no security harm + passed §4/A constitutional-basics exam in Hungarian (or exemption); discretionary Presidential grant; illetékmentes since 2021-01-01.

3 years' continuous residence + §4(1)(b)–(e) for: recognised refugee, stateless person, parent of a minor Hungarian-citizen child, surviving spouse of a deceased Hungarian, or adult adopted by a Hungarian citizen.

5 years' continuous residence + §4(1)(b)–(e) for a person born in Hungary, who established Hungarian residence as a minor, or who is stateless.

The §4(1)(e) written constitutional-basics exam in Hungarian before a Kormányhivatal board (~9 témakör: history incl. 1956/1990, constitutional institutions, rights/duties, citizenship); required for the standard 8-year track only.

Exam exemption for: incapacitated/limited-capacity persons; holders of a Hungarian-language-institution qualification; persons who turned SIXTY at filing (NOT 65 — superseded); and persons proving lasting irreversible health-based inability.

Former Hungarian citizen may be re-naturalised on satisfying §4(1)(b),(d) and proving Hungarian-language knowledge; discretionary Presidential grant on the minister's proposal — distinct from the declaratory §5/A restitution.

President may exceptionally naturalise, or exempt from certain §4(1) conditions, where Hungary has an important interest (fontos érdek) in the naturalisation; the applicant must still hold a registered Hungarian residence; discretionary, ECN Art 12-reserved.

Application filed in person in Hungarian (anyakönyvvezető / kormányablak / consul); examined by the citizenship-matters organ (Budapest Főváros Kormányhivatala — NOT OIF); minister proposes; President of the Republic decides (discretionary, not an entitlement).

Citizenship takes effect on the day the applicant takes the oath/pledge before the mayor (or, for §4(3)/(3a)/(6)/(7) and §5, before the mayor or head of mission/consul); must be sworn within ONE year of notification of the decision.

Naturalisation grant/refusal is excluded from administrative/judicial review owing to Hungary's reservation to ECN Art 12 (ratified 2001-11-21, EIF 2002-03-01) — a structural procedural gap across all acquisition routes.

Restoration by declaration to the President for persons deprived under 1947:X, 1948:XXVI, 1948:LX, 1957:V (plus three 1946–47 decrees) and anyone released (elbocsátás) 1947-09-15→1990-05-02, including Volksdeutsche Germany-resettlement deportees (§14(1)).

Declaration restitution for a person born in Hungarian territory who did not acquire a foreign nationality at birth (residence/age-19 conditions), or who became stateless (5-year residence) — statelessness-reduction declaration limbs of §5/A.

Historic restitution: exceptional re-naturalisation for persons who lost Hungarian citizenship after 1914-07-26 without release/authority decision, resident or intending to settle, on special-equity grounds — the supplementary remedy to the too-short Trianon option window.

1990:XXVII voided 1947:X/1948:LX/1948:XXVI/1957:V deprivation decisions and let deprived persons reacquire by declaration; 1990:XXXII deemed deceased deprived persons never to have lost citizenship — substance now carried by §5/A.

Status Law covers exactly SIX neighbouring states (Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine — Austria EXCLUDED, NOT seven); revised by 2003:LVII after Venice Commission CDL-INF(2001)19 and the HU–RO MoU.

Hungarian Certificate / Relative's Certificate

Defining sender-profile feature: §4(3) channels non-resident ethnic Hungarians directly into citizenship plus party-list Országgyűlés voting rights (Art XXIII) — structurally beyond the Magyar igazolvány and PL Karta Polaka, neither of which confers citizenship or the franchise.

AB 5/2004 upheld the dual-citizenship referendum question and held preferential naturalisation based on demonstrated Hungarian identity to be justified differentiation (not discrimination, no ECN breach) — the constitutional basis for 2010:XLIV §4(3); NOT a 2010 decision.

Every HU acquisition route confers Union citizenship (TFEU Art 20; accession 2004-05-01). Full Schengen via Council Decision 2007/801/EC (2007-12-21); Council Decision (EU) 2024/210 concerns BG+RO ONLY — NOT Hungary (fabrication guard 5.3).

Bilateral good-neighbour and minority-rights treaties with Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Slovenia and Croatia frame the kin-state corridor and the cross-border overlaps (RO #51, SK #22, UA, SI, HR).

Hungary is party to BOTH the 1954 and 1961 statelessness conventions; stateless persons access §4(2)/§4(4) facilitated naturalisation and §3(3)(a) territorial presumption; AB 6/2015 addresses the lawful-residence requirement for recognition.